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test/1_mytest/composition_1_minus_ex.test.cpp
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- Last update: 2024-10-11 20:53:53+09:00
- Problem: https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/aplusb
Depends on
mod/crt3.hpp
- mod/mod_inv.hpp
- mod/modint.hpp
- mod/modint_common.hpp
- mod/powertable.hpp
- my_template.hpp
- nt/primetable.hpp
- poly/composition.hpp
- poly/composition_f_1_minus_ex.hpp
- poly/composition_f_ex.hpp
- poly/convolution.hpp
- poly/convolution_karatsuba.hpp
- poly/convolution_naive.hpp
- poly/count_terms.hpp
- poly/fft.hpp
- poly/fps_inv.hpp
- poly/ntt.hpp
- poly/ntt_doubling.hpp
- poly/poly_taylor_shift.hpp
- poly/sum_of_exp_bx.hpp
- poly/sum_of_rationals.hpp
- poly/transposed_ntt.hpp
- random/base.hpp
Code
#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/aplusb"
#include "my_template.hpp"
#include "random/base.hpp"
#include "poly/composition_f_1_minus_ex.hpp"
#include "poly/composition.hpp"
#include "mod/modint.hpp"
using mint = modint998;
void test() {
auto gen = [&](int n) -> vc<mint> {
vc<mint> f(n + 1);
FOR(i, n + 1) f[i] = RNG(mint::get_mod());
return f;
};
FOR(n, 100) {
vc<mint> f = gen(n);
vc<mint> g(n + 1);
FOR(i, 1, n + 1) g[i] = -fact_inv<mint>(i);
vc<mint> F = composition_1_minus_ex(f);
vc<mint> G = composition(f, g);
assert(F == G);
}
}
void solve() {
int a, b;
cin >> a >> b;
cout << a + b << "\n";
}
signed main() {
test();
solve();
return 0;
}#line 1 "test/1_mytest/composition_1_minus_ex.test.cpp"
#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/aplusb"
#line 1 "my_template.hpp"
#if defined(LOCAL)
#include <my_template_compiled.hpp>
#else
// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/96344
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
// いまの CF だとこれ入れると動かない？
// #pragma GCC target("avx2,popcnt")
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using u8 = uint8_t;
using u16 = uint16_t;
using u32 = uint32_t;
using u64 = uint64_t;
using i128 = __int128;
using u128 = unsigned __int128;
using f128 = __float128;
template <class T>
constexpr T infty = 0;
template <>
constexpr int infty<int> = 1'010'000'000;
template <>
constexpr ll infty<ll> = 2'020'000'000'000'000'000;
template <>
constexpr u32 infty<u32> = infty<int>;
template <>
constexpr u64 infty<u64> = infty<ll>;
template <>
constexpr i128 infty<i128> = i128(infty<ll>) * 2'000'000'000'000'000'000;
template <>
constexpr double infty<double> = infty<ll>;
template <>
constexpr long double infty<long double> = infty<ll>;
using pi = pair<ll, ll>;
using vi = vector<ll>;
template <class T>
using vc = vector<T>;
template <class T>
using vvc = vector<vc<T>>;
template <class T>
using vvvc = vector<vvc<T>>;
template <class T>
using vvvvc = vector<vvvc<T>>;
template <class T>
using vvvvvc = vector<vvvvc<T>>;
template <class T>
using pq = priority_queue<T>;
template <class T>
using pqg = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
#define vv(type, name, h, ...) vector<vector<type>> name(h, vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__))
#define vvv(type, name, h, w, ...) vector<vector<vector<type>>> name(h, vector<vector<type>>(w, vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__)))
#define vvvv(type, name, a, b, c, ...) \
vector<vector<vector<vector<type>>>> name(a, vector<vector<vector<type>>>(b, vector<vector<type>>(c, vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__))))
// https://trap.jp/post/1224/
#define FOR1(a) for (ll _ = 0; _ < ll(a); ++_)
#define FOR2(i, a) for (ll i = 0; i < ll(a); ++i)
#define FOR3(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i < ll(b); ++i)
#define FOR4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = a; i < ll(b); i += (c))
#define FOR1_R(a) for (ll i = (a)-1; i >= ll(0); --i)
#define FOR2_R(i, a) for (ll i = (a)-1; i >= ll(0); --i)
#define FOR3_R(i, a, b) for (ll i = (b)-1; i >= ll(a); --i)
#define overload4(a, b, c, d, e, ...) e
#define overload3(a, b, c, d, ...) d
#define FOR(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__, FOR4, FOR3, FOR2, FOR1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define FOR_R(...) overload3(__VA_ARGS__, FOR3_R, FOR2_R, FOR1_R)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define FOR_subset(t, s) for (ll t = (s); t >= 0; t = (t == 0 ? -1 : (t - 1) & (s)))
#define all(x) x.begin(), x.end()
#define len(x) ll(x.size())
#define elif else if
#define eb emplace_back
#define mp make_pair
#define mt make_tuple
#define fi first
#define se second
#define stoi stoll
int popcnt(int x) { return __builtin_popcount(x); }
int popcnt(u32 x) { return __builtin_popcount(x); }
int popcnt(ll x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); }
int popcnt(u64 x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); }
int popcnt_mod_2(int x) { return __builtin_parity(x); }
int popcnt_mod_2(u32 x) { return __builtin_parity(x); }
int popcnt_mod_2(ll x) { return __builtin_parityll(x); }
int popcnt_mod_2(u64 x) { return __builtin_parityll(x); }
// (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) -> (-1, 0, 1, 1, 2)
int topbit(int x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 31 - __builtin_clz(x)); }
int topbit(u32 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 31 - __builtin_clz(x)); }
int topbit(ll x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(x)); }
int topbit(u64 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(x)); }
// (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) -> (-1, 0, 1, 0, 2)
int lowbit(int x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctz(x)); }
int lowbit(u32 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctz(x)); }
int lowbit(ll x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctzll(x)); }
int lowbit(u64 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctzll(x)); }
template <typename T>
T floor(T a, T b) {
return a / b - (a % b && (a ^ b) < 0);
}
template <typename T>
T ceil(T x, T y) {
return floor(x + y - 1, y);
}
template <typename T>
T bmod(T x, T y) {
return x - y * floor(x, y);
}
template <typename T>
pair<T, T> divmod(T x, T y) {
T q = floor(x, y);
return {q, x - q * y};
}
template <typename T, typename U>
T SUM(const vector<U> &A) {
T sm = 0;
for (auto &&a: A) sm += a;
return sm;
}
#define MIN(v) *min_element(all(v))
#define MAX(v) *max_element(all(v))
#define LB(c, x) distance((c).begin(), lower_bound(all(c), (x)))
#define UB(c, x) distance((c).begin(), upper_bound(all(c), (x)))
#define UNIQUE(x) sort(all(x)), x.erase(unique(all(x)), x.end()), x.shrink_to_fit()
template <typename T>
T POP(deque<T> &que) {
T a = que.front();
que.pop_front();
return a;
}
template <typename T>
T POP(pq<T> &que) {
T a = que.top();
que.pop();
return a;
}
template <typename T>
T POP(pqg<T> &que) {
T a = que.top();
que.pop();
return a;
}
template <typename T>
T POP(vc<T> &que) {
T a = que.back();
que.pop_back();
return a;
}
template <typename F>
ll binary_search(F check, ll ok, ll ng, bool check_ok = true) {
if (check_ok) assert(check(ok));
while (abs(ok - ng) > 1) {
auto x = (ng + ok) / 2;
(check(x) ? ok : ng) = x;
}
return ok;
}
template <typename F>
double binary_search_real(F check, double ok, double ng, int iter = 100) {
FOR(iter) {
double x = (ok + ng) / 2;
(check(x) ? ok : ng) = x;
}
return (ok + ng) / 2;
}
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmax(T &a, const S &b) {
return (a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmin(T &a, const S &b) {
return (a > b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}
// ? は -1
vc<int> s_to_vi(const string &S, char first_char) {
vc<int> A(S.size());
FOR(i, S.size()) { A[i] = (S[i] != '?' ? S[i] - first_char : -1); }
return A;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
vector<T> cumsum(vector<U> &A, int off = 1) {
int N = A.size();
vector<T> B(N + 1);
FOR(i, N) { B[i + 1] = B[i] + A[i]; }
if (off == 0) B.erase(B.begin());
return B;
}
// stable sort
template <typename T>
vector<int> argsort(const vector<T> &A) {
vector<int> ids(len(A));
iota(all(ids), 0);
sort(all(ids), [&](int i, int j) { return (A[i] == A[j] ? i < j : A[i] < A[j]); });
return ids;
}
// A[I[0]], A[I[1]], ...
template <typename T>
vc<T> rearrange(const vc<T> &A, const vc<int> &I) {
vc<T> B(len(I));
FOR(i, len(I)) B[i] = A[I[i]];
return B;
}
template <typename T, typename... Vectors>
void concat(vc<T> &first, const Vectors &... others) {
vc<T> &res = first;
(res.insert(res.end(), others.begin(), others.end()), ...);
}
#endif
#line 3 "test/1_mytest/composition_1_minus_ex.test.cpp"
#line 2 "random/base.hpp"
u64 RNG_64() {
static uint64_t x_
= uint64_t(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count()) * 10150724397891781847ULL;
x_ ^= x_ << 7;
return x_ ^= x_ >> 9;
}
u64 RNG(u64 lim) { return RNG_64() % lim; }
ll RNG(ll l, ll r) { return l + RNG_64() % (r - l); }
#line 1 "poly/composition_f_1_minus_ex.hpp"
#line 2 "poly/poly_taylor_shift.hpp"
#line 2 "nt/primetable.hpp"
template <typename T = int>
vc<T> primetable(int LIM) {
++LIM;
const int S = 32768;
static int done = 2;
static vc<T> primes = {2}, sieve(S + 1);
if (done < LIM) {
done = LIM;
primes = {2}, sieve.assign(S + 1, 0);
const int R = LIM / 2;
primes.reserve(int(LIM / log(LIM) * 1.1));
vc<pair<int, int>> cp;
for (int i = 3; i <= S; i += 2) {
if (!sieve[i]) {
cp.eb(i, i * i / 2);
for (int j = i * i; j <= S; j += 2 * i) sieve[j] = 1;
}
}
for (int L = 1; L <= R; L += S) {
array<bool, S> block{};
for (auto& [p, idx]: cp)
for (int i = idx; i < S + L; idx = (i += p)) block[i - L] = 1;
FOR(i, min(S, R - L)) if (!block[i]) primes.eb((L + i) * 2 + 1);
}
}
int k = LB(primes, LIM + 1);
return {primes.begin(), primes.begin() + k};
}
#line 3 "mod/powertable.hpp"
// a^0, ..., a^N
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> powertable_1(mint a, ll N) {
// table of a^i
vc<mint> f(N + 1, 1);
FOR(i, N) f[i + 1] = a * f[i];
return f;
}
// 0^e, ..., N^e
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> powertable_2(ll e, ll N) {
auto primes = primetable(N);
vc<mint> f(N + 1, 1);
f[0] = mint(0).pow(e);
for (auto&& p: primes) {
if (p > N) break;
mint xp = mint(p).pow(e);
ll pp = p;
while (pp <= N) {
ll i = pp;
while (i <= N) {
f[i] *= xp;
i += pp;
}
pp *= p;
}
}
return f;
}
#line 2 "mod/modint_common.hpp"
struct has_mod_impl {
template <class T>
static auto check(T &&x) -> decltype(x.get_mod(), std::true_type{});
template <class T>
static auto check(...) -> std::false_type;
};
template <class T>
class has_mod : public decltype(has_mod_impl::check<T>(std::declval<T>())) {};
template <typename mint>
mint inv(int n) {
static const int mod = mint::get_mod();
static vector<mint> dat = {0, 1};
assert(0 <= n);
if (n >= mod) n %= mod;
while (len(dat) <= n) {
int k = len(dat);
int q = (mod + k - 1) / k;
dat.eb(dat[k * q - mod] * mint::raw(q));
}
return dat[n];
}
template <typename mint>
mint fact(int n) {
static const int mod = mint::get_mod();
assert(0 <= n && n < mod);
static vector<mint> dat = {1, 1};
while (len(dat) <= n) dat.eb(dat[len(dat) - 1] * mint::raw(len(dat)));
return dat[n];
}
template <typename mint>
mint fact_inv(int n) {
static vector<mint> dat = {1, 1};
if (n < 0) return mint(0);
while (len(dat) <= n) dat.eb(dat[len(dat) - 1] * inv<mint>(len(dat)));
return dat[n];
}
template <class mint, class... Ts>
mint fact_invs(Ts... xs) {
return (mint(1) * ... * fact_inv<mint>(xs));
}
template <typename mint, class Head, class... Tail>
mint multinomial(Head &&head, Tail &&... tail) {
return fact<mint>(head) * fact_invs<mint>(std::forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}
template <typename mint>
mint C_dense(int n, int k) {
static vvc<mint> C;
static int H = 0, W = 0;
auto calc = [&](int i, int j) -> mint {
if (i == 0) return (j == 0 ? mint(1) : mint(0));
return C[i - 1][j] + (j ? C[i - 1][j - 1] : 0);
};
if (W <= k) {
FOR(i, H) {
C[i].resize(k + 1);
FOR(j, W, k + 1) { C[i][j] = calc(i, j); }
}
W = k + 1;
}
if (H <= n) {
C.resize(n + 1);
FOR(i, H, n + 1) {
C[i].resize(W);
FOR(j, W) { C[i][j] = calc(i, j); }
}
H = n + 1;
}
return C[n][k];
}
template <typename mint, bool large = false, bool dense = false>
mint C(ll n, ll k) {
assert(n >= 0);
if (k < 0 || n < k) return 0;
if constexpr (dense) return C_dense<mint>(n, k);
if constexpr (!large) return multinomial<mint>(n, k, n - k);
k = min(k, n - k);
mint x(1);
FOR(i, k) x *= mint(n - i);
return x * fact_inv<mint>(k);
}
template <typename mint, bool large = false>
mint C_inv(ll n, ll k) {
assert(n >= 0);
assert(0 <= k && k <= n);
if (!large) return fact_inv<mint>(n) * fact<mint>(k) * fact<mint>(n - k);
return mint(1) / C<mint, 1>(n, k);
}
// [x^d](1-x)^{-n}
template <typename mint, bool large = false, bool dense = false>
mint C_negative(ll n, ll d) {
assert(n >= 0);
if (d < 0) return mint(0);
if (n == 0) { return (d == 0 ? mint(1) : mint(0)); }
return C<mint, large, dense>(n + d - 1, d);
}
#line 3 "mod/modint.hpp"
template <int mod>
struct modint {
static constexpr u32 umod = u32(mod);
static_assert(umod < u32(1) << 31);
u32 val;
static modint raw(u32 v) {
modint x;
x.val = v;
return x;
}
constexpr modint() : val(0) {}
constexpr modint(u32 x) : val(x % umod) {}
constexpr modint(u64 x) : val(x % umod) {}
constexpr modint(u128 x) : val(x % umod) {}
constexpr modint(int x) : val((x %= mod) < 0 ? x + mod : x){};
constexpr modint(ll x) : val((x %= mod) < 0 ? x + mod : x){};
constexpr modint(i128 x) : val((x %= mod) < 0 ? x + mod : x){};
bool operator<(const modint &other) const { return val < other.val; }
modint &operator+=(const modint &p) {
if ((val += p.val) >= umod) val -= umod;
return *this;
}
modint &operator-=(const modint &p) {
if ((val += umod - p.val) >= umod) val -= umod;
return *this;
}
modint &operator*=(const modint &p) {
val = u64(val) * p.val % umod;
return *this;
}
modint &operator/=(const modint &p) {
*this *= p.inverse();
return *this;
}
modint operator-() const { return modint::raw(val ? mod - val : u32(0)); }
modint operator+(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) += p; }
modint operator-(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) -= p; }
modint operator*(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) *= p; }
modint operator/(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) /= p; }
bool operator==(const modint &p) const { return val == p.val; }
bool operator!=(const modint &p) const { return val != p.val; }
modint inverse() const {
int a = val, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
while (b > 0) {
t = a / b;
swap(a -= t * b, b), swap(u -= t * v, v);
}
return modint(u);
}
modint pow(ll n) const {
assert(n >= 0);
modint ret(1), mul(val);
while (n > 0) {
if (n & 1) ret *= mul;
mul *= mul;
n >>= 1;
}
return ret;
}
static constexpr int get_mod() { return mod; }
// (n, r), r は 1 の 2^n 乗根
static constexpr pair<int, int> ntt_info() {
if (mod == 120586241) return {20, 74066978};
if (mod == 167772161) return {25, 17};
if (mod == 469762049) return {26, 30};
if (mod == 754974721) return {24, 362};
if (mod == 880803841) return {23, 211};
if (mod == 943718401) return {22, 663003469};
if (mod == 998244353) return {23, 31};
if (mod == 1004535809) return {21, 836905998};
if (mod == 1045430273) return {20, 363};
if (mod == 1051721729) return {20, 330};
if (mod == 1053818881) return {20, 2789};
return {-1, -1};
}
static constexpr bool can_ntt() { return ntt_info().fi != -1; }
};
#ifdef FASTIO
template <int mod>
void rd(modint<mod> &x) {
fastio::rd(x.val);
x.val %= mod;
// assert(0 <= x.val && x.val < mod);
}
template <int mod>
void wt(modint<mod> x) {
fastio::wt(x.val);
}
#endif
using modint107 = modint<1000000007>;
using modint998 = modint<998244353>;
#line 2 "mod/mod_inv.hpp"
// long でも大丈夫
// (val * x - 1) が mod の倍数になるようにする
// 特に mod=0 なら x=0 が満たす
ll mod_inv(ll val, ll mod) {
if (mod == 0) return 0;
mod = abs(mod);
val %= mod;
if (val < 0) val += mod;
ll a = val, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
while (b > 0) {
t = a / b;
swap(a -= t * b, b), swap(u -= t * v, v);
}
if (u < 0) u += mod;
return u;
}
#line 2 "mod/crt3.hpp"
constexpr u32 mod_pow_constexpr(u64 a, u64 n, u32 mod) {
a %= mod;
u64 res = 1;
FOR(32) {
if (n & 1) res = res * a % mod;
a = a * a % mod, n /= 2;
}
return res;
}
template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1>
T CRT2(u64 a0, u64 a1) {
static_assert(p0 < p1);
static constexpr u64 x0_1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x0_1 % p1;
return a0 + c * p0;
}
template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1, u32 p2>
T CRT3(u64 a0, u64 a1, u64 a2) {
static_assert(p0 < p1 && p1 < p2);
static constexpr u64 x1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
static constexpr u64 x2 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p2, p2 - 2, p2);
static constexpr u64 p01 = u64(p0) * p1;
u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x1 % p1;
u64 ans_1 = a0 + c * p0;
c = (a2 - ans_1 % p2 + p2) * x2 % p2;
return T(ans_1) + T(c) * T(p01);
}
template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1, u32 p2, u32 p3>
T CRT4(u64 a0, u64 a1, u64 a2, u64 a3) {
static_assert(p0 < p1 && p1 < p2 && p2 < p3);
static constexpr u64 x1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
static constexpr u64 x2 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p2, p2 - 2, p2);
static constexpr u64 x3 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p3 * p2 % p3, p3 - 2, p3);
static constexpr u64 p01 = u64(p0) * p1;
u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x1 % p1;
u64 ans_1 = a0 + c * p0;
c = (a2 - ans_1 % p2 + p2) * x2 % p2;
u128 ans_2 = ans_1 + c * static_cast<u128>(p01);
c = (a3 - ans_2 % p3 + p3) * x3 % p3;
return T(ans_2) + T(c) * T(p01) * T(p2);
}
template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1, u32 p2, u32 p3, u32 p4>
T CRT5(u64 a0, u64 a1, u64 a2, u64 a3, u64 a4) {
static_assert(p0 < p1 && p1 < p2 && p2 < p3 && p3 < p4);
static constexpr u64 x1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
static constexpr u64 x2 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p2, p2 - 2, p2);
static constexpr u64 x3 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p3 * p2 % p3, p3 - 2, p3);
static constexpr u64 x4 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p4 * p2 % p4 * p3 % p4, p4 - 2, p4);
static constexpr u64 p01 = u64(p0) * p1;
static constexpr u64 p23 = u64(p2) * p3;
u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x1 % p1;
u64 ans_1 = a0 + c * p0;
c = (a2 - ans_1 % p2 + p2) * x2 % p2;
u128 ans_2 = ans_1 + c * static_cast<u128>(p01);
c = static_cast<u64>(a3 - ans_2 % p3 + p3) * x3 % p3;
u128 ans_3 = ans_2 + static_cast<u128>(c * p2) * p01;
c = static_cast<u64>(a4 - ans_3 % p4 + p4) * x4 % p4;
return T(ans_3) + T(c) * T(p01) * T(p23);
}
#line 2 "poly/convolution_naive.hpp"
template <class T, typename enable_if<!has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
vc<T> convolution_naive(const vc<T>& a, const vc<T>& b) {
int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
if (n > m) return convolution_naive<T>(b, a);
if (n == 0) return {};
vector<T> ans(n + m - 1);
FOR(i, n) FOR(j, m) ans[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
return ans;
}
template <class T, typename enable_if<has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
vc<T> convolution_naive(const vc<T>& a, const vc<T>& b) {
int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
if (n > m) return convolution_naive<T>(b, a);
if (n == 0) return {};
vc<T> ans(n + m - 1);
if (n <= 16 && (T::get_mod() < (1 << 30))) {
for (int k = 0; k < n + m - 1; ++k) {
int s = max(0, k - m + 1);
int t = min(n, k + 1);
u64 sm = 0;
for (int i = s; i < t; ++i) { sm += u64(a[i].val) * (b[k - i].val); }
ans[k] = sm;
}
} else {
for (int k = 0; k < n + m - 1; ++k) {
int s = max(0, k - m + 1);
int t = min(n, k + 1);
u128 sm = 0;
for (int i = s; i < t; ++i) { sm += u64(a[i].val) * (b[k - i].val); }
ans[k] = T::raw(sm % T::get_mod());
}
}
return ans;
}
#line 2 "poly/convolution_karatsuba.hpp"
// 任意の環でできる
template <typename T>
vc<T> convolution_karatsuba(const vc<T>& f, const vc<T>& g) {
const int thresh = 30;
if (min(len(f), len(g)) <= thresh) return convolution_naive(f, g);
int n = max(len(f), len(g));
int m = ceil(n, 2);
vc<T> f1, f2, g1, g2;
if (len(f) < m) f1 = f;
if (len(f) >= m) f1 = {f.begin(), f.begin() + m};
if (len(f) >= m) f2 = {f.begin() + m, f.end()};
if (len(g) < m) g1 = g;
if (len(g) >= m) g1 = {g.begin(), g.begin() + m};
if (len(g) >= m) g2 = {g.begin() + m, g.end()};
vc<T> a = convolution_karatsuba(f1, g1);
vc<T> b = convolution_karatsuba(f2, g2);
FOR(i, len(f2)) f1[i] += f2[i];
FOR(i, len(g2)) g1[i] += g2[i];
vc<T> c = convolution_karatsuba(f1, g1);
vc<T> F(len(f) + len(g) - 1);
assert(2 * m + len(b) <= len(F));
FOR(i, len(a)) F[i] += a[i], c[i] -= a[i];
FOR(i, len(b)) F[2 * m + i] += b[i], c[i] -= b[i];
if (c.back() == T(0)) c.pop_back();
FOR(i, len(c)) if (c[i] != T(0)) F[m + i] += c[i];
return F;
}
#line 2 "poly/ntt.hpp"
template <class mint>
void ntt(vector<mint>& a, bool inverse) {
assert(mint::can_ntt());
const int rank2 = mint::ntt_info().fi;
const int mod = mint::get_mod();
static array<mint, 30> root, iroot;
static array<mint, 30> rate2, irate2;
static array<mint, 30> rate3, irate3;
assert(rank2 != -1 && len(a) <= (1 << max(0, rank2)));
static bool prepared = 0;
if (!prepared) {
prepared = 1;
root[rank2] = mint::ntt_info().se;
iroot[rank2] = mint(1) / root[rank2];
FOR_R(i, rank2) {
root[i] = root[i + 1] * root[i + 1];
iroot[i] = iroot[i + 1] * iroot[i + 1];
}
mint prod = 1, iprod = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 2; i++) {
rate2[i] = root[i + 2] * prod;
irate2[i] = iroot[i + 2] * iprod;
prod *= iroot[i + 2];
iprod *= root[i + 2];
}
prod = 1, iprod = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 3; i++) {
rate3[i] = root[i + 3] * prod;
irate3[i] = iroot[i + 3] * iprod;
prod *= iroot[i + 3];
iprod *= root[i + 3];
}
}
int n = int(a.size());
int h = topbit(n);
assert(n == 1 << h);
if (!inverse) {
int len = 0;
while (len < h) {
if (h - len == 1) {
int p = 1 << (h - len - 1);
mint rot = 1;
FOR(s, 1 << len) {
int offset = s << (h - len);
FOR(i, p) {
auto l = a[i + offset];
auto r = a[i + offset + p] * rot;
a[i + offset] = l + r;
a[i + offset + p] = l - r;
}
rot *= rate2[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len++;
} else {
int p = 1 << (h - len - 2);
mint rot = 1, imag = root[2];
for (int s = 0; s < (1 << len); s++) {
mint rot2 = rot * rot;
mint rot3 = rot2 * rot;
int offset = s << (h - len);
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
u64 mod2 = u64(mod) * mod;
u64 a0 = a[i + offset].val;
u64 a1 = u64(a[i + offset + p].val) * rot.val;
u64 a2 = u64(a[i + offset + 2 * p].val) * rot2.val;
u64 a3 = u64(a[i + offset + 3 * p].val) * rot3.val;
u64 a1na3imag = (a1 + mod2 - a3) % mod * imag.val;
u64 na2 = mod2 - a2;
a[i + offset] = a0 + a2 + a1 + a3;
a[i + offset + 1 * p] = a0 + a2 + (2 * mod2 - (a1 + a3));
a[i + offset + 2 * p] = a0 + na2 + a1na3imag;
a[i + offset + 3 * p] = a0 + na2 + (mod2 - a1na3imag);
}
rot *= rate3[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len += 2;
}
}
} else {
mint coef = mint(1) / mint(len(a));
FOR(i, len(a)) a[i] *= coef;
int len = h;
while (len) {
if (len == 1) {
int p = 1 << (h - len);
mint irot = 1;
FOR(s, 1 << (len - 1)) {
int offset = s << (h - len + 1);
FOR(i, p) {
u64 l = a[i + offset].val;
u64 r = a[i + offset + p].val;
a[i + offset] = l + r;
a[i + offset + p] = (mod + l - r) * irot.val;
}
irot *= irate2[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len--;
} else {
int p = 1 << (h - len);
mint irot = 1, iimag = iroot[2];
FOR(s, (1 << (len - 2))) {
mint irot2 = irot * irot;
mint irot3 = irot2 * irot;
int offset = s << (h - len + 2);
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
u64 a0 = a[i + offset + 0 * p].val;
u64 a1 = a[i + offset + 1 * p].val;
u64 a2 = a[i + offset + 2 * p].val;
u64 a3 = a[i + offset + 3 * p].val;
u64 x = (mod + a2 - a3) * iimag.val % mod;
a[i + offset] = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3;
a[i + offset + 1 * p] = (a0 + mod - a1 + x) * irot.val;
a[i + offset + 2 * p] = (a0 + a1 + 2 * mod - a2 - a3) * irot2.val;
a[i + offset + 3 * p] = (a0 + 2 * mod - a1 - x) * irot3.val;
}
irot *= irate3[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len -= 2;
}
}
}
}
#line 1 "poly/fft.hpp"
namespace CFFT {
using real = double;
struct C {
real x, y;
C() : x(0), y(0) {}
C(real x, real y) : x(x), y(y) {}
inline C operator+(const C& c) const { return C(x + c.x, y + c.y); }
inline C operator-(const C& c) const { return C(x - c.x, y - c.y); }
inline C operator*(const C& c) const {
return C(x * c.x - y * c.y, x * c.y + y * c.x);
}
inline C conj() const { return C(x, -y); }
};
const real PI = acosl(-1);
int base = 1;
vector<C> rts = {{0, 0}, {1, 0}};
vector<int> rev = {0, 1};
void ensure_base(int nbase) {
if (nbase <= base) return;
rev.resize(1 << nbase);
rts.resize(1 << nbase);
for (int i = 0; i < (1 << nbase); i++) {
rev[i] = (rev[i >> 1] >> 1) + ((i & 1) << (nbase - 1));
}
while (base < nbase) {
real angle = PI * 2.0 / (1 << (base + 1));
for (int i = 1 << (base - 1); i < (1 << base); i++) {
rts[i << 1] = rts[i];
real angle_i = angle * (2 * i + 1 - (1 << base));
rts[(i << 1) + 1] = C(cos(angle_i), sin(angle_i));
}
++base;
}
}
void fft(vector<C>& a, int n) {
assert((n & (n - 1)) == 0);
int zeros = __builtin_ctz(n);
ensure_base(zeros);
int shift = base - zeros;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (i < (rev[i] >> shift)) { swap(a[i], a[rev[i] >> shift]); }
}
for (int k = 1; k < n; k <<= 1) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i += 2 * k) {
for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
C z = a[i + j + k] * rts[j + k];
a[i + j + k] = a[i + j] - z;
a[i + j] = a[i + j] + z;
}
}
}
}
} // namespace CFFT
#line 9 "poly/convolution.hpp"
template <class mint>
vector<mint> convolution_ntt(vector<mint> a, vector<mint> b) {
if (a.empty() || b.empty()) return {};
int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
int sz = 1;
while (sz < n + m - 1) sz *= 2;
// sz = 2^k のときの高速化。分割統治的なやつで損しまくるので。
if ((n + m - 3) <= sz / 2) {
auto a_last = a.back(), b_last = b.back();
a.pop_back(), b.pop_back();
auto c = convolution(a, b);
c.resize(n + m - 1);
c[n + m - 2] = a_last * b_last;
FOR(i, len(a)) c[i + len(b)] += a[i] * b_last;
FOR(i, len(b)) c[i + len(a)] += b[i] * a_last;
return c;
}
a.resize(sz), b.resize(sz);
bool same = a == b;
ntt(a, 0);
if (same) {
b = a;
} else {
ntt(b, 0);
}
FOR(i, sz) a[i] *= b[i];
ntt(a, 1);
a.resize(n + m - 1);
return a;
}
template <typename mint>
vector<mint> convolution_garner(const vector<mint>& a, const vector<mint>& b) {
int n = len(a), m = len(b);
if (!n || !m) return {};
static constexpr int p0 = 167772161;
static constexpr int p1 = 469762049;
static constexpr int p2 = 754974721;
using mint0 = modint<p0>;
using mint1 = modint<p1>;
using mint2 = modint<p2>;
vc<mint0> a0(n), b0(m);
vc<mint1> a1(n), b1(m);
vc<mint2> a2(n), b2(m);
FOR(i, n) a0[i] = a[i].val, a1[i] = a[i].val, a2[i] = a[i].val;
FOR(i, m) b0[i] = b[i].val, b1[i] = b[i].val, b2[i] = b[i].val;
auto c0 = convolution_ntt<mint0>(a0, b0);
auto c1 = convolution_ntt<mint1>(a1, b1);
auto c2 = convolution_ntt<mint2>(a2, b2);
vc<mint> c(len(c0));
FOR(i, n + m - 1) { c[i] = CRT3<mint, p0, p1, p2>(c0[i].val, c1[i].val, c2[i].val); }
return c;
}
template <typename R>
vc<double> convolution_fft(const vc<R>& a, const vc<R>& b) {
using C = CFFT::C;
int need = (int)a.size() + (int)b.size() - 1;
int nbase = 1;
while ((1 << nbase) < need) nbase++;
CFFT::ensure_base(nbase);
int sz = 1 << nbase;
vector<C> fa(sz);
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
double x = (i < (int)a.size() ? a[i] : 0);
double y = (i < (int)b.size() ? b[i] : 0);
fa[i] = C(x, y);
}
CFFT::fft(fa, sz);
C r(0, -0.25 / (sz >> 1)), s(0, 1), t(0.5, 0);
for (int i = 0; i <= (sz >> 1); i++) {
int j = (sz - i) & (sz - 1);
C z = (fa[j] * fa[j] - (fa[i] * fa[i]).conj()) * r;
fa[j] = (fa[i] * fa[i] - (fa[j] * fa[j]).conj()) * r;
fa[i] = z;
}
for (int i = 0; i < (sz >> 1); i++) {
C A0 = (fa[i] + fa[i + (sz >> 1)]) * t;
C A1 = (fa[i] - fa[i + (sz >> 1)]) * t * CFFT::rts[(sz >> 1) + i];
fa[i] = A0 + A1 * s;
}
CFFT::fft(fa, sz >> 1);
vector<double> ret(need);
for (int i = 0; i < need; i++) { ret[i] = (i & 1 ? fa[i >> 1].y : fa[i >> 1].x); }
return ret;
}
vector<ll> convolution(const vector<ll>& a, const vector<ll>& b) {
int n = len(a), m = len(b);
if (!n || !m) return {};
if (min(n, m) <= 2500) return convolution_naive(a, b);
ll abs_sum_a = 0, abs_sum_b = 0;
ll LIM = 1e15;
FOR(i, n) abs_sum_a = min(LIM, abs_sum_a + abs(a[i]));
FOR(i, m) abs_sum_b = min(LIM, abs_sum_b + abs(b[i]));
if (i128(abs_sum_a) * abs_sum_b < 1e15) {
vc<double> c = convolution_fft<ll>(a, b);
vc<ll> res(len(c));
FOR(i, len(c)) res[i] = ll(floor(c[i] + .5));
return res;
}
static constexpr u32 MOD1 = 167772161; // 2^25
static constexpr u32 MOD2 = 469762049; // 2^26
static constexpr u32 MOD3 = 754974721; // 2^24
using mint1 = modint<MOD1>;
using mint2 = modint<MOD2>;
using mint3 = modint<MOD3>;
vc<mint1> a1(n), b1(m);
vc<mint2> a2(n), b2(m);
vc<mint3> a3(n), b3(m);
FOR(i, n) a1[i] = a[i], a2[i] = a[i], a3[i] = a[i];
FOR(i, m) b1[i] = b[i], b2[i] = b[i], b3[i] = b[i];
auto c1 = convolution_ntt<mint1>(a1, b1);
auto c2 = convolution_ntt<mint2>(a2, b2);
auto c3 = convolution_ntt<mint3>(a3, b3);
u128 prod = u128(MOD1) * MOD2 * MOD3;
vc<ll> res(n + m - 1);
FOR(i, n + m - 1) {
u128 x = CRT3<u128, MOD1, MOD2, MOD3>(c1[i].val, c2[i].val, c3[i].val);
res[i] = (x < prod / 2 ? ll(x) : -ll(prod - x));
}
return res;
}
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> convolution(const vc<mint>& a, const vc<mint>& b) {
int n = len(a), m = len(b);
if (!n || !m) return {};
if (mint::can_ntt()) {
if (min(n, m) <= 50) return convolution_karatsuba<mint>(a, b);
return convolution_ntt(a, b);
}
if (min(n, m) <= 200) return convolution_karatsuba<mint>(a, b);
return convolution_garner(a, b);
}
#line 5 "poly/poly_taylor_shift.hpp"
// f(x) -> f(x+c)
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> poly_taylor_shift(vc<mint> f, mint c) {
if (c == mint(0)) return f;
ll N = len(f);
FOR(i, N) f[i] *= fact<mint>(i);
auto b = powertable_1<mint>(c, N);
FOR(i, N) b[i] *= fact_inv<mint>(i);
reverse(all(f));
f = convolution(f, b);
f.resize(N);
reverse(all(f));
FOR(i, N) f[i] *= fact_inv<mint>(i);
return f;
}
#line 2 "poly/sum_of_rationals.hpp"
#line 2 "poly/ntt_doubling.hpp"
#line 4 "poly/ntt_doubling.hpp"
// 2^k 次多項式の長さ 2^k が与えられるので 2^k+1 にする
template <typename mint, bool transposed = false>
void ntt_doubling(vector<mint>& a) {
static array<mint, 30> root;
static bool prepared = 0;
if (!prepared) {
prepared = 1;
const int rank2 = mint::ntt_info().fi;
root[rank2] = mint::ntt_info().se;
FOR_R(i, rank2) { root[i] = root[i + 1] * root[i + 1]; }
}
if constexpr (!transposed) {
const int M = (int)a.size();
auto b = a;
ntt(b, 1);
mint r = 1, zeta = root[topbit(2 * M)];
FOR(i, M) b[i] *= r, r *= zeta;
ntt(b, 0);
copy(begin(b), end(b), back_inserter(a));
} else {
const int M = len(a) / 2;
vc<mint> tmp = {a.begin(), a.begin() + M};
a = {a.begin() + M, a.end()};
transposed_ntt(a, 0);
mint r = 1, zeta = root[topbit(2 * M)];
FOR(i, M) a[i] *= r, r *= zeta;
transposed_ntt(a, 1);
FOR(i, M) a[i] += tmp[i];
}
}
#line 5 "poly/sum_of_rationals.hpp"
// 有理式の和を計算する。分割統治 O(Nlog^2N)。N は次数の和。
template <typename mint>
pair<vc<mint>, vc<mint>> sum_of_rationals(vc<pair<vc<mint>, vc<mint>>> dat) {
if (len(dat) == 0) {
vc<mint> f = {0}, g = {1};
return {f, g};
}
using P = pair<vc<mint>, vc<mint>>;
auto add = [&](P& a, P& b) -> P {
int na = len(a.fi) - 1, da = len(a.se) - 1;
int nb = len(b.fi) - 1, db = len(b.se) - 1;
int n = max(na + db, da + nb);
vc<mint> num(n + 1);
{
auto f = convolution(a.fi, b.se);
FOR(i, len(f)) num[i] += f[i];
}
{
auto f = convolution(a.se, b.fi);
FOR(i, len(f)) num[i] += f[i];
}
auto den = convolution(a.se, b.se);
return {num, den};
};
while (len(dat) > 1) {
int n = len(dat);
FOR(i, 1, n, 2) { dat[i - 1] = add(dat[i - 1], dat[i]); }
FOR(i, ceil(n, 2)) dat[i] = dat[2 * i];
dat.resize(ceil(n, 2));
}
return dat[0];
}
// sum wt[i]/(1-A[i]x)
template <typename mint>
pair<vc<mint>, vc<mint>> sum_of_rationals_1(vc<mint> A, vc<mint> wt) {
using poly = vc<mint>;
if (!mint::can_ntt()) {
vc<pair<poly, poly>> rationals;
FOR(i, len(A)) rationals.eb(poly({wt[i]}), poly({mint(1), -A[i]}));
return sum_of_rationals(rationals);
}
int n = 1;
while (n < len(A)) n *= 2;
int k = topbit(n);
vc<mint> F(n), G(n);
vc<mint> nxt_F(n), nxt_G(n);
FOR(i, len(A)) F[i] = -A[i], G[i] = wt[i];
int D = 6;
FOR(d, k) {
int b = 1 << d;
if (d < D) {
fill(all(nxt_F), mint(0)), fill(all(nxt_G), mint(0));
for (int L = 0; L < n; L += 2 * b) {
FOR(i, b) FOR(j, b) nxt_F[L + i + j] += F[L + i] * F[L + b + j];
FOR(i, b) FOR(j, b) nxt_G[L + i + j] += F[L + i] * G[L + b + j];
FOR(i, b) FOR(j, b) nxt_G[L + i + j] += F[L + b + i] * G[L + j];
FOR(i, b) nxt_F[L + b + i] += F[L + i] + F[L + b + i];
FOR(i, b) nxt_G[L + b + i] += G[L + i] + G[L + b + i];
}
}
elif (d == D) {
for (int L = 0; L < n; L += 2 * b) {
poly f1 = {F.begin() + L, F.begin() + L + b};
poly f2 = {F.begin() + L + b, F.begin() + L + 2 * b};
poly g1 = {G.begin() + L, G.begin() + L + b};
poly g2 = {G.begin() + L + b, G.begin() + L + 2 * b};
f1.resize(2 * b), f2.resize(2 * b), g1.resize(2 * b), g2.resize(2 * b);
ntt(f1, 0), ntt(f2, 0), ntt(g1, 0), ntt(g2, 0);
FOR(i, b) f1[i] += 1, f2[i] += 1;
FOR(i, b, 2 * b) f1[i] -= 1, f2[i] -= 1;
FOR(i, 2 * b) nxt_F[L + i] = f1[i] * f2[i] - 1;
FOR(i, 2 * b) nxt_G[L + i] = g1[i] * f2[i] + g2[i] * f1[i];
}
}
else {
for (int L = 0; L < n; L += 2 * b) {
poly f1 = {F.begin() + L, F.begin() + L + b};
poly f2 = {F.begin() + L + b, F.begin() + L + 2 * b};
poly g1 = {G.begin() + L, G.begin() + L + b};
poly g2 = {G.begin() + L + b, G.begin() + L + 2 * b};
ntt_doubling(f1), ntt_doubling(f2), ntt_doubling(g1), ntt_doubling(g2);
FOR(i, b) f1[i] += 1, f2[i] += 1;
FOR(i, b, 2 * b) f1[i] -= 1, f2[i] -= 1;
FOR(i, 2 * b) nxt_F[L + i] = f1[i] * f2[i] - 1;
FOR(i, 2 * b) nxt_G[L + i] = g1[i] * f2[i] + g2[i] * f1[i];
}
}
swap(F, nxt_F), swap(G, nxt_G);
}
if (k - 1 >= D) ntt(F, 1), ntt(G, 1);
F.eb(1);
reverse(all(F)), reverse(all(G));
F.resize(len(A) + 1);
G.resize(len(A));
return {G, F};
}
#line 2 "poly/count_terms.hpp"
template<typename mint>
int count_terms(const vc<mint>& f){
int t = 0;
FOR(i, len(f)) if(f[i] != mint(0)) ++t;
return t;
}
#line 4 "poly/fps_inv.hpp"
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> fps_inv_sparse(const vc<mint>& f) {
int N = len(f);
vc<pair<int, mint>> dat;
FOR(i, 1, N) if (f[i] != mint(0)) dat.eb(i, f[i]);
vc<mint> g(N);
mint g0 = mint(1) / f[0];
g[0] = g0;
FOR(n, 1, N) {
mint rhs = 0;
for (auto&& [k, fk]: dat) {
if (k > n) break;
rhs -= fk * g[n - k];
}
g[n] = rhs * g0;
}
return g;
}
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> fps_inv_dense_ntt(const vc<mint>& F) {
vc<mint> G = {mint(1) / F[0]};
ll N = len(F), n = 1;
G.reserve(N);
while (n < N) {
vc<mint> f(2 * n), g(2 * n);
FOR(i, min(N, 2 * n)) f[i] = F[i];
FOR(i, n) g[i] = G[i];
ntt(f, false), ntt(g, false);
FOR(i, 2 * n) f[i] *= g[i];
ntt(f, true);
FOR(i, n) f[i] = 0;
ntt(f, false);
FOR(i, 2 * n) f[i] *= g[i];
ntt(f, true);
FOR(i, n, min(N, 2 * n)) G.eb(-f[i]);
n *= 2;
}
return G;
}
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> fps_inv_dense(const vc<mint>& F) {
if (mint::can_ntt()) return fps_inv_dense_ntt(F);
const int N = len(F);
vc<mint> R = {mint(1) / F[0]};
vc<mint> p;
int m = 1;
while (m < N) {
p = convolution(R, R);
p.resize(m + m);
vc<mint> f = {F.begin(), F.begin() + min(m + m, N)};
p = convolution(p, f);
R.resize(m + m);
FOR(i, m + m) R[i] = R[i] + R[i] - p[i];
m += m;
}
R.resize(N);
return R;
}
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> fps_inv(const vc<mint>& f) {
assert(f[0] != mint(0));
int n = count_terms(f);
int t = (mint::can_ntt() ? 160 : 820);
return (n <= t ? fps_inv_sparse<mint>(f) : fps_inv_dense<mint>(f));
}
#line 3 "poly/sum_of_exp_bx.hpp"
// sum a e^{bx} を [0,NN 次まで。O(Mlog^2M + NlogN)
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> sum_of_exp_bx(int N, vc<mint> A, vc<mint> B) {
auto [f, g] = sum_of_rationals_1<mint>(B, A);
g.resize(N + 1);
f = convolution(f, fps_inv(g));
f.resize(N + 1);
FOR(n, N + 1) f[n] *= fact_inv<mint>(n);
return f;
}
#line 2 "poly/composition_f_ex.hpp"
// N 次多項式 f に対して、f(e^x) を [0,N] 次まで。O(Nlog^2N)
// f が N より長くて欲しいものが [0,N] という場合も f を resize(N+1)
// すると答が変わるので注意
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> composition_f_ex(vc<mint> f) {
int N = len(f) - 1;
vc<mint> A, B;
FOR(k, len(f)) A.eb(f[k]), B.eb(mint(k));
return sum_of_exp_bx(N, A, B);
}
#line 4 "poly/composition_f_1_minus_ex.hpp"
// f(1-e^x)
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> composition_1_minus_ex(vc<mint> f) {
f = poly_taylor_shift<mint>(f, 1);
FOR(i, len(f)) if (i & 1) f[i] = -f[i];
return composition_f_ex<mint>(f);
}
#line 2 "poly/composition.hpp"
#line 2 "poly/transposed_ntt.hpp"
template <class mint>
void transposed_ntt(vector<mint>& a, bool inverse) {
assert(mint::can_ntt());
const int rank2 = mint::ntt_info().fi;
const int mod = mint::get_mod();
static array<mint, 30> root, iroot;
static array<mint, 30> rate2, irate2;
static array<mint, 30> rate3, irate3;
assert(rank2 != -1 && len(a) <= (1 << max(0, rank2)));
static bool prepared = 0;
if (!prepared) {
prepared = 1;
root[rank2] = mint::ntt_info().se;
iroot[rank2] = mint(1) / root[rank2];
FOR_R(i, rank2) {
root[i] = root[i + 1] * root[i + 1];
iroot[i] = iroot[i + 1] * iroot[i + 1];
}
mint prod = 1, iprod = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 2; i++) {
rate2[i] = root[i + 2] * prod;
irate2[i] = iroot[i + 2] * iprod;
prod *= iroot[i + 2];
iprod *= root[i + 2];
}
prod = 1, iprod = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 3; i++) {
rate3[i] = root[i + 3] * prod;
irate3[i] = iroot[i + 3] * iprod;
prod *= iroot[i + 3];
iprod *= root[i + 3];
}
}
int n = int(a.size());
int h = topbit(n);
assert(n == 1 << h);
if (!inverse) {
int len = h;
while (len > 0) {
if (len == 1) {
int p = 1 << (h - len);
mint rot = 1;
FOR(s, 1 << (len - 1)) {
int offset = s << (h - len + 1);
FOR(i, p) {
u64 l = a[i + offset].val;
u64 r = a[i + offset + p].val;
a[i + offset] = l + r;
a[i + offset + p] = (mod + l - r) * rot.val;
}
rot *= rate2[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len--;
} else {
int p = 1 << (h - len);
mint rot = 1, imag = root[2];
FOR(s, (1 << (len - 2))) {
int offset = s << (h - len + 2);
mint rot2 = rot * rot;
mint rot3 = rot2 * rot;
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
u64 a0 = a[i + offset + 0 * p].val;
u64 a1 = a[i + offset + 1 * p].val;
u64 a2 = a[i + offset + 2 * p].val;
u64 a3 = a[i + offset + 3 * p].val;
u64 x = (mod + a2 - a3) * imag.val % mod;
a[i + offset] = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3;
a[i + offset + 1 * p] = (a0 + mod - a1 + x) * rot.val;
a[i + offset + 2 * p] = (a0 + a1 + 2 * mod - a2 - a3) * rot2.val;
a[i + offset + 3 * p] = (a0 + 2 * mod - a1 - x) * rot3.val;
}
rot *= rate3[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len -= 2;
}
}
} else {
mint coef = mint(1) / mint(len(a));
FOR(i, len(a)) a[i] *= coef;
int len = 0;
while (len < h) {
if (len == h - 1) {
int p = 1 << (h - len - 1);
mint irot = 1;
FOR(s, 1 << len) {
int offset = s << (h - len);
FOR(i, p) {
auto l = a[i + offset];
auto r = a[i + offset + p] * irot;
a[i + offset] = l + r;
a[i + offset + p] = l - r;
}
irot *= irate2[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len++;
} else {
int p = 1 << (h - len - 2);
mint irot = 1, iimag = iroot[2];
for (int s = 0; s < (1 << len); s++) {
mint irot2 = irot * irot;
mint irot3 = irot2 * irot;
int offset = s << (h - len);
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
u64 mod2 = u64(mod) * mod;
u64 a0 = a[i + offset].val;
u64 a1 = u64(a[i + offset + p].val) * irot.val;
u64 a2 = u64(a[i + offset + 2 * p].val) * irot2.val;
u64 a3 = u64(a[i + offset + 3 * p].val) * irot3.val;
u64 a1na3imag = (a1 + mod2 - a3) % mod * iimag.val;
u64 na2 = mod2 - a2;
a[i + offset] = a0 + a2 + a1 + a3;
a[i + offset + 1 * p] = a0 + a2 + (2 * mod2 - (a1 + a3));
a[i + offset + 2 * p] = a0 + na2 + a1na3imag;
a[i + offset + 3 * p] = a0 + na2 + (mod2 - a1na3imag);
}
irot *= irate3[topbit(~s & -~s)];
}
len += 2;
}
}
}
}
#line 6 "poly/composition.hpp"
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> composition_old(vc<mint>& Q, vc<mint>& P) {
int n = len(P);
assert(len(P) == len(Q));
int k = 1;
while (k * k < n) ++k;
// compute powers of P
vv(mint, pow1, k + 1);
pow1[0] = {1};
pow1[1] = P;
FOR3(i, 2, k + 1) {
pow1[i] = convolution(pow1[i - 1], pow1[1]);
pow1[i].resize(n);
}
vv(mint, pow2, k + 1);
pow2[0] = {1};
pow2[1] = pow1[k];
FOR3(i, 2, k + 1) {
pow2[i] = convolution(pow2[i - 1], pow2[1]);
pow2[i].resize(n);
}
vc<mint> ANS(n);
FOR(i, k + 1) {
vc<mint> f(n);
FOR(j, k) {
if (k * i + j < len(Q)) {
mint coef = Q[k * i + j];
FOR(d, len(pow1[j])) f[d] += pow1[j][d] * coef;
}
}
f = convolution(f, pow2[i]);
f.resize(n);
FOR(d, n) ANS[d] += f[d];
}
return ANS;
}
// f(g(x)), O(Nlog^2N)
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> composition_0_ntt(vc<mint> f, vc<mint> g) {
assert(len(f) == len(g));
if (f.empty()) return {};
int n0 = len(f);
int n = 1;
while (n < len(f)) n *= 2;
f.resize(n), g.resize(n);
vc<mint> W(n);
{
// bit reverse order
vc<int> btr(n);
int log = topbit(n);
FOR(i, n) { btr[i] = (btr[i >> 1] >> 1) + ((i & 1) << (log - 1)); }
int t = mint::ntt_info().fi;
mint r = mint::ntt_info().se;
mint dw = r.inverse().pow((1 << t) / (2 * n));
mint w = 1;
for (auto& i: btr) { W[i] = w, w *= dw; }
}
auto rec = [&](auto& rec, int n, int k, vc<mint>& Q) -> vc<mint> {
if (n == 1) {
reverse(all(f));
transposed_ntt(f, 1);
mint c = mint(1) / mint(k);
for (auto& x: f) x *= c;
vc<mint> p(4 * k);
FOR(i, k) p[2 * i] = f[i];
return p;
}
auto doubling_y = [&](vc<mint>& A, int l, int r, bool t) -> void {
mint z = W[k / 2].inverse();
vc<mint> f(k);
if (!t) {
FOR(i, l, r) {
FOR(j, k) f[j] = A[2 * n * j + i];
ntt(f, 1);
mint r = 1;
FOR(j, 1, k) r *= z, f[j] *= r;
ntt(f, 0);
FOR(j, k) A[2 * n * (k + j) + i] = f[j];
}
} else {
FOR(i, l, r) {
FOR(j, k) f[j] = A[2 * n * (k + j) + i];
transposed_ntt(f, 0);
mint r = 1;
FOR(j, 1, k) r *= z, f[j] *= r;
transposed_ntt(f, 1);
FOR(j, k) A[2 * n * j + i] += f[j];
}
}
};
auto FFT_x = [&](vc<mint>& A, int l, int r, bool t) -> void {
vc<mint> f(2 * n);
if (!t) {
FOR(j, l, r) {
move(A.begin() + 2 * n * j, A.begin() + 2 * n * (j + 1), f.begin());
ntt(f, 0);
move(all(f), A.begin() + 2 * n * j);
}
} else {
FOR(j, l, r) {
move(A.begin() + 2 * n * j, A.begin() + 2 * n * (j + 1), f.begin());
transposed_ntt(f, 0);
move(all(f), A.begin() + 2 * n * j);
}
}
};
if (n <= k) doubling_y(Q, 1, n, 0), FFT_x(Q, 0, 2 * k, 0);
if (n > k) FFT_x(Q, 0, k, 0), doubling_y(Q, 0, 2 * n, 0);
FOR(i, 2 * n * k) Q[i] += 1;
FOR(i, 2 * n * k, 4 * n * k) Q[i] -= 1;
vc<mint> nxt_Q(4 * n * k);
vc<mint> F(2 * n), G(2 * n), f(n), g(n);
FOR(j, 2 * k) {
move(Q.begin() + 2 * n * j, Q.begin() + 2 * n * j + 2 * n, G.begin());
FOR(i, n) { g[i] = G[2 * i] * G[2 * i + 1]; }
ntt(g, 1);
move(g.begin(), g.begin() + n / 2, nxt_Q.begin() + n * j);
}
FOR(j, 4 * k) nxt_Q[n * j] = 0;
vc<mint> p = rec(rec, n / 2, k * 2, nxt_Q);
FOR_R(j, 2 * k) {
move(p.begin() + n * j, p.begin() + n * j + n / 2, f.begin());
move(Q.begin() + 2 * n * j, Q.begin() + 2 * n * j + 2 * n, G.begin());
fill(f.begin() + n / 2, f.end(), mint(0));
transposed_ntt(f, 1);
FOR(i, n) {
f[i] *= W[i];
F[2 * i] = G[2 * i + 1] * f[i], F[2 * i + 1] = -G[2 * i] * f[i];
}
move(F.begin(), F.end(), p.begin() + 2 * n * j);
}
if (n <= k) FFT_x(p, 0, 2 * k, 1), doubling_y(p, 0, n, 1);
if (n > k) doubling_y(p, 0, 2 * n, 1), FFT_x(p, 0, k, 1);
return p;
};
vc<mint> Q(4 * n);
FOR(i, n) Q[i] = -g[i];
vc<mint> p = rec(rec, n, 1, Q);
p.resize(n);
reverse(all(p));
p.resize(n0);
return p;
}
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> composition_0_garner(vc<mint> f, vc<mint> g) {
constexpr u32 ps[] = {167772161, 469762049, 754974721};
using mint0 = modint<ps[0]>;
using mint1 = modint<ps[1]>;
using mint2 = modint<ps[2]>;
auto rec = [&](auto& rec, int n, int k, vc<mint> Q) -> vc<mint> {
if (n == 1) {
vc<mint> p(2 * k);
reverse(all(f));
FOR(i, k) p[2 * i] = f[i];
return p;
}
vc<mint0> Q0(4 * n * k), R0(4 * n * k), p0(4 * n * k);
vc<mint1> Q1(4 * n * k), R1(4 * n * k), p1(4 * n * k);
vc<mint2> Q2(4 * n * k), R2(4 * n * k), p2(4 * n * k);
FOR(i, 2 * n * k) {
Q0[i] = Q[i].val, R0[i] = (i % 2 == 0 ? Q[i].val : (-Q[i]).val);
Q1[i] = Q[i].val, R1[i] = (i % 2 == 0 ? Q[i].val : (-Q[i]).val);
Q2[i] = Q[i].val, R2[i] = (i % 2 == 0 ? Q[i].val : (-Q[i]).val);
}
ntt(Q0, 0), ntt(Q1, 0), ntt(Q2, 0), ntt(R0, 0), ntt(R1, 0), ntt(R2, 0);
FOR(i, 4 * n * k) Q0[i] *= R0[i], Q1[i] *= R1[i], Q2[i] *= R2[i];
ntt(Q0, 1), ntt(Q1, 1), ntt(Q2, 1);
vc<mint> QQ(4 * n * k);
FOR(i, 4 * n * k) {
QQ[i] = CRT3<mint, ps[0], ps[1], ps[2]>(Q0[i].val, Q1[i].val, Q2[i].val);
}
FOR(i, 0, 2 * n * k, 2) { QQ[2 * n * k + i] += Q[i] + Q[i]; }
vc<mint> nxt_Q(2 * n * k);
FOR(j, 2 * k) FOR(i, n / 2) {
nxt_Q[n * j + i] = QQ[(2 * n) * j + (2 * i + 0)];
}
vc<mint> nxt_p = rec(rec, n / 2, k * 2, nxt_Q);
vc<mint> pq(4 * n * k);
FOR(j, 2 * k) FOR(i, n / 2) {
pq[(2 * n) * j + (2 * i + 1)] += nxt_p[n * j + i];
}
vc<mint> p(2 * n * k);
FOR(i, 2 * n * k) { p[i] += pq[2 * n * k + i]; }
FOR(i, 4 * n * k) {
p0[i] += pq[i].val, p1[i] += pq[i].val, p2[i] += pq[i].val;
}
transposed_ntt(p0, 1), transposed_ntt(p1, 1), transposed_ntt(p2, 1);
FOR(i, 4 * n * k) p0[i] *= R0[i], p1[i] *= R1[i], p2[i] *= R2[i];
transposed_ntt(p0, 0), transposed_ntt(p1, 0), transposed_ntt(p2, 0);
FOR(i, 2 * n * k) {
p[i] += CRT3<mint, ps[0], ps[1], ps[2]>(p0[i].val, p1[i].val, p2[i].val);
}
return p;
};
assert(len(f) == len(g));
int n = 1;
while (n < len(f)) n *= 2;
int out_len = len(f);
f.resize(n), g.resize(n);
int k = 1;
vc<mint> Q(2 * n);
FOR(i, n) Q[i] = -g[i];
vc<mint> p = rec(rec, n, k, Q);
vc<mint> output(n);
FOR(i, n) output[i] = p[i];
reverse(all(output));
output.resize(out_len);
return output;
}
template <typename mint>
vc<mint> composition(vc<mint> f, vc<mint> g) {
assert(len(f) == len(g));
if (f.empty()) return {};
// [x^0]g=0 に帰着しておく
if (g[0] != mint(0)) {
f = poly_taylor_shift<mint>(f, g[0]);
g[0] = 0;
}
if (mint::can_ntt()) { return composition_0_ntt(f, g); }
return composition_0_garner(f, g);
}
#line 8 "test/1_mytest/composition_1_minus_ex.test.cpp"
using mint = modint998;
void test() {
auto gen = [&](int n) -> vc<mint> {
vc<mint> f(n + 1);
FOR(i, n + 1) f[i] = RNG(mint::get_mod());
return f;
};
FOR(n, 100) {
vc<mint> f = gen(n);
vc<mint> g(n + 1);
FOR(i, 1, n + 1) g[i] = -fact_inv<mint>(i);
vc<mint> F = composition_1_minus_ex(f);
vc<mint> G = composition(f, g);
assert(F == G);
}
}
void solve() {
int a, b;
cin >> a >> b;
cout << a + b << "\n";
}
signed main() {
test();
solve();
return 0;
}