library

This documentation is automatically generated by online-judge-tools/verification-helper

View the Project on GitHub maspypy/library

:heavy_check_mark: mod/binomial.hpp

Depends on

Verified with

Code

#include "mod/primitive_root.hpp"

#include "mod/mod_inv.hpp"


struct Binomial_PrimePower {
  int p, e;
  int pp;
  int root;
  int ord;
  vc<int> exp;
  vc<int> log_fact;
  vc<int> power;
  Barrett bt_p, bt_pp;

  Binomial_PrimePower(int p, int e) : p(p), e(e), power(e + 1, 1) {
    FOR(i, e) power[i + 1] = power[i] * p;
    pp = power[e];
    bt_p = Barrett(p), bt_pp = Barrett(pp);
    vc<int> log;
    if (p == 2) {
      if (e <= 1) { return; }
      root = 5;
      ord = pp / 4;
      exp.assign(ord, 1);
      log.assign(pp, 0);
      FOR(i, ord - 1) { exp[i + 1] = (exp[i] * root) & (pp - 1); }
      FOR(i, ord) log[exp[i]] = log[pp - exp[i]] = i;
    } else {
      root = primitive_root(p);
      ord = pp / p * (p - 1);
      exp.assign(ord, 1);
      log.assign(pp, 0);
      FOR(i, ord - 1) { exp[i + 1] = bt_pp.mul(exp[i], root); }
      FOR(i, ord) log[exp[i]] = i;
    }
    log_fact.assign(pp, 0);
    FOR(i, 1, pp) {
      log_fact[i] = log_fact[i - 1] + log[i];
      if (log_fact[i] >= ord) log_fact[i] -= ord;
    }
  }

  int C(ll n, ll i) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    if (i < 0 || i > n) return 0;
    ll a = i, b = n - i;
    if (pp == 2) { return ((a & b) == 0 ? 1 : 0); }
    int log = 0, cnt_p = 0, sgn = 0;
    if (e > 1) {
      while (n && cnt_p < e) {
        auto [n1, nr1] = bt_pp.divmod(n);
        auto [a1, ar1] = bt_pp.divmod(a);
        auto [b1, br1] = bt_pp.divmod(b);
        log += log_fact[nr1] - log_fact[ar1] - log_fact[br1];
        if (p > 2) {
          sgn += (n1 & 1) + (a1 & 1) + (b1 & 1);
        } else {
          sgn += (((nr1 + 1) & 4) + ((ar1 + 1) & 4) + ((br1 + 1) & 4)) / 4;
        }
        n = bt_p.floor(n), a = bt_p.floor(a), b = bt_p.floor(b);
        cnt_p += n - a - b;
      }
    } else {
      while (n && cnt_p < e) {
        auto [n1, nr1] = bt_pp.divmod(n);
        auto [a1, ar1] = bt_pp.divmod(a);
        auto [b1, br1] = bt_pp.divmod(b);
        log += log_fact[nr1] - log_fact[ar1] - log_fact[br1];
        if (p > 2) {
          sgn += (n1 & 1) + (a1 & 1) + (b1 & 1);
        } else {
          sgn += ((nr1 + 1) >> 2 & 1) + ((ar1 + 1) >> 2 & 1)
                 + ((br1 + 1) >> 2 & 1);
        }
        n = n1, a = a1, b = b1;
        cnt_p += n - a - b;
      }
    }
    if (cnt_p >= e) return 0;
    log %= ord;
    if (log < 0) log += ord;
    int res = exp[log];
    if (sgn & 1) res = pp - res;
    return bt_pp.mul(power[cnt_p], res);
  }
};

struct Binomial {
  int mod;
  vc<Binomial_PrimePower> BPP;
  vc<int> crt_coef;
  Barrett bt;

  Binomial(int mod) : mod(mod), bt(mod) {
    for (auto&& [p, e]: factor(mod)) {
      int pp = 1;
      FOR(e) pp *= p;
      BPP.eb(Binomial_PrimePower(p, e));
      int other = mod / pp;
      crt_coef.eb(ll(other) * mod_inv(other, pp) % mod);
    }
  }

  int C(ll n, ll k) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    if (k < 0 || k > n) return 0;
    int ANS = 0;
    FOR(s, len(crt_coef)) {
      ANS = bt.modulo(ANS + u64(BPP[s].C(n, k)) * crt_coef[s]);
    }
    return ANS;
  }
};
#line 2 "mod/primitive_root.hpp"

#line 2 "nt/factor.hpp"

#line 2 "random/base.hpp"

u64 RNG_64() {
  static u64 x_ = u64(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count()) * 10150724397891781847ULL;
  x_ ^= x_ << 7;
  return x_ ^= x_ >> 9;
}

u64 RNG(u64 lim) { return RNG_64() % lim; }

ll RNG(ll l, ll r) { return l + RNG_64() % (r - l); }
#line 2 "mod/mongomery_modint.hpp"

// odd mod.
// x の代わりに rx を持つ
template <int id, typename U1, typename U2>
struct Mongomery_modint {
  using mint = Mongomery_modint;
  inline static U1 m, r, n2;
  static constexpr int W = numeric_limits<U1>::digits;

  static void set_mod(U1 mod) {
    assert(mod & 1 && mod <= U1(1) << (W - 2));
    m = mod, n2 = -U2(m) % m, r = m;
    FOR(5) r *= 2 - m * r;
    r = -r;
    assert(r * m == U1(-1));
  }
  static U1 reduce(U2 b) { return (b + U2(U1(b) * r) * m) >> W; }

  U1 x;
  Mongomery_modint() : x(0) {}
  Mongomery_modint(U1 x) : x(reduce(U2(x) * n2)){};
  U1 val() const {
    U1 y = reduce(x);
    return y >= m ? y - m : y;
  }
  mint &operator+=(mint y) {
    x = ((x += y.x) >= m ? x - m : x);
    return *this;
  }
  mint &operator-=(mint y) {
    x -= (x >= y.x ? y.x : y.x - m);
    return *this;
  }
  mint &operator*=(mint y) {
    x = reduce(U2(x) * y.x);
    return *this;
  }
  mint operator+(mint y) const { return mint(*this) += y; }
  mint operator-(mint y) const { return mint(*this) -= y; }
  mint operator*(mint y) const { return mint(*this) *= y; }
  bool operator==(mint y) const {
    return (x >= m ? x - m : x) == (y.x >= m ? y.x - m : y.x);
  }
  bool operator!=(mint y) const { return not operator==(y); }
  mint pow(ll n) const {
    assert(n >= 0);
    mint y = 1, z = *this;
    for (; n; n >>= 1, z *= z)
      if (n & 1) y *= z;
    return y;
  }
};

template <int id>
using Mongomery_modint_32 = Mongomery_modint<id, u32, u64>;
template <int id>
using Mongomery_modint_64 = Mongomery_modint<id, u64, u128>;
#line 3 "nt/primetest.hpp"

bool primetest(const u64 x) {
  assert(x < u64(1) << 62);
  if (x == 2 or x == 3 or x == 5 or x == 7) return true;
  if (x % 2 == 0 or x % 3 == 0 or x % 5 == 0 or x % 7 == 0) return false;
  if (x < 121) return x > 1;
  const u64 d = (x - 1) >> lowbit(x - 1);

  using mint = Mongomery_modint_64<202311020>;

  mint::set_mod(x);
  const mint one(u64(1)), minus_one(x - 1);
  auto ok = [&](u64 a) -> bool {
    auto y = mint(a).pow(d);
    u64 t = d;
    while (y != one && y != minus_one && t != x - 1) y *= y, t <<= 1;
    if (y != minus_one && t % 2 == 0) return false;
    return true;
  };
  if (x < (u64(1) << 32)) {
    for (u64 a: {2, 7, 61})
      if (!ok(a)) return false;
  } else {
    for (u64 a: {2, 325, 9375, 28178, 450775, 9780504, 1795265022}) {
      if (!ok(a)) return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
#line 5 "nt/factor.hpp"

template <typename mint>
ll rho(ll n, ll c) {
  assert(n > 1);
  const mint cc(c);
  auto f = [&](mint x) { return x * x + cc; };
  mint x = 1, y = 2, z = 1, q = 1;
  ll g = 1;
  const ll m = 1LL << (__lg(n) / 5);
  for (ll r = 1; g == 1; r <<= 1) {
    x = y;
    FOR(r) y = f(y);
    for (ll k = 0; k < r && g == 1; k += m) {
      z = y;
      FOR(min(m, r - k)) y = f(y), q *= x - y;
      g = gcd(q.val(), n);
    }
  }
  if (g == n) do {
      z = f(z);
      g = gcd((x - z).val(), n);
    } while (g == 1);
  return g;
}

ll find_prime_factor(ll n) {
  assert(n > 1);
  if (primetest(n)) return n;
  FOR(100) {
    ll m = 0;
    if (n < (1 << 30)) {
      using mint = Mongomery_modint_32<20231025>;
      mint::set_mod(n);
      m = rho<mint>(n, RNG(0, n));
    } else {
      using mint = Mongomery_modint_64<20231025>;
      mint::set_mod(n);
      m = rho<mint>(n, RNG(0, n));
    }
    if (primetest(m)) return m;
    n = m;
  }
  assert(0);
  return -1;
}

// ソートしてくれる
vc<pair<ll, int>> factor(ll n) {
  assert(n >= 1);
  vc<pair<ll, int>> pf;
  FOR(p, 2, 100) {
    if (p * p > n) break;
    if (n % p == 0) {
      ll e = 0;
      do { n /= p, e += 1; } while (n % p == 0);
      pf.eb(p, e);
    }
  }
  while (n > 1) {
    ll p = find_prime_factor(n);
    ll e = 0;
    do { n /= p, e += 1; } while (n % p == 0);
    pf.eb(p, e);
  }
  sort(all(pf));
  return pf;
}

vc<pair<ll, int>> factor_by_lpf(ll n, vc<int>& lpf) {
  vc<pair<ll, int>> res;
  while (n > 1) {
    int p = lpf[n];
    int e = 0;
    while (n % p == 0) {
      n /= p;
      ++e;
    }
    res.eb(p, e);
  }
  return res;
}
#line 2 "mod/mod_pow.hpp"

#line 2 "mod/barrett.hpp"

// https://github.com/atcoder/ac-library/blob/master/atcoder/internal_math.hpp
struct Barrett {
  u32 m;
  u64 im;
  explicit Barrett(u32 m = 1) : m(m), im(u64(-1) / m + 1) {}
  u32 umod() const { return m; }
  u32 modulo(u64 z) {
    if (m == 1) return 0;
    u64 x = (u64)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im) >> 64);
    u64 y = x * m;
    return (z - y + (z < y ? m : 0));
  }
  u64 floor(u64 z) {
    if (m == 1) return z;
    u64 x = (u64)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im) >> 64);
    u64 y = x * m;
    return (z < y ? x - 1 : x);
  }
  pair<u64, u32> divmod(u64 z) {
    if (m == 1) return {z, 0};
    u64 x = (u64)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im) >> 64);
    u64 y = x * m;
    if (z < y) return {x - 1, z - y + m};
    return {x, z - y};
  }
  u32 mul(u32 a, u32 b) { return modulo(u64(a) * b); }
};

struct Barrett_64 {
  u128 mod, mh, ml;

  explicit Barrett_64(u64 mod = 1) : mod(mod) {
    u128 m = u128(-1) / mod;
    if (m * mod + mod == u128(0)) ++m;
    mh = m >> 64;
    ml = m & u64(-1);
  }

  u64 umod() const { return mod; }

  u64 modulo(u128 x) {
    u128 z = (x & u64(-1)) * ml;
    z = (x & u64(-1)) * mh + (x >> 64) * ml + (z >> 64);
    z = (x >> 64) * mh + (z >> 64);
    x -= z * mod;
    return x < mod ? x : x - mod;
  }

  u64 mul(u64 a, u64 b) { return modulo(u128(a) * b); }
};
#line 5 "mod/mod_pow.hpp"

u32 mod_pow(int a, ll n, int mod) {
  assert(n >= 0);
  if (mod == 1) return 0;
  a = ((a %= mod) < 0 ? a + mod : a);
  if ((mod & 1) && (mod < (1 << 30))) {
    using mint = Mongomery_modint_32<202311021>;
    mint::set_mod(mod);
    return mint(a).pow(n).val();
  }
  Barrett bt(mod);
  int r = 1;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) r = bt.mul(r, a);
    a = bt.mul(a, a), n >>= 1;
  }
  return r;
}

u64 mod_pow_64(ll a, ll n, u64 mod) {
  assert(n >= 0);
  if (mod == 1) return 0;
  a = ((a %= mod) < 0 ? a + mod : a);
  if ((mod & 1) && (mod < (u64(1) << 62))) {
    using mint = Mongomery_modint_64<202311021>;
    mint::set_mod(mod);
    return mint(a).pow(n).val();
  }
  Barrett_64 bt(mod);
  ll r = 1;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) r = bt.mul(r, a);
    a = bt.mul(a, a), n >>= 1;
  }
  return r;
}
#line 6 "mod/primitive_root.hpp"

// int

int primitive_root(int p) {
  auto pf = factor(p - 1);
  auto is_ok = [&](int g) -> bool {
    for (auto&& [q, e]: pf)
      if (mod_pow(g, (p - 1) / q, p) == 1) return false;
    return true;
  };
  while (1) {
    int x = RNG(1, p);
    if (is_ok(x)) return x;
  }
  return -1;
}

ll primitive_root_64(ll p) {
  auto pf = factor(p - 1);
  auto is_ok = [&](ll g) -> bool {
    for (auto&& [q, e]: pf)
      if (mod_pow_64(g, (p - 1) / q, p) == 1) return false;
    return true;
  };
  while (1) {
    ll x = RNG(1, p);
    if (is_ok(x)) return x;
  }
  return -1;
}

// https://codeforces.com/contest/1190/problem/F

ll primitive_root_prime_power_64(ll p, ll e) {
  assert(p >= 3);
  ll g = primitive_root_64(p);
  ll q = p;
  ll phi = p - 1;
  FOR(e - 1) {
    q *= p;
    phi *= p;
    if (mod_pow_64(g, phi / p, q) == 1) g += q / p;
  }
  return g;
}
#line 2 "mod/mod_inv.hpp"

// long でも大丈夫

// (val * x - 1) が mod の倍数になるようにする

// 特に mod=0 なら x=0 が満たす

ll mod_inv(ll val, ll mod) {
  if (mod == 0) return 0;
  mod = abs(mod);
  val %= mod;
  if (val < 0) val += mod;
  ll a = val, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
  while (b > 0) {
    t = a / b;
    swap(a -= t * b, b), swap(u -= t * v, v);
  }
  if (u < 0) u += mod;
  return u;
}
#line 3 "mod/binomial.hpp"

struct Binomial_PrimePower {
  int p, e;
  int pp;
  int root;
  int ord;
  vc<int> exp;
  vc<int> log_fact;
  vc<int> power;
  Barrett bt_p, bt_pp;

  Binomial_PrimePower(int p, int e) : p(p), e(e), power(e + 1, 1) {
    FOR(i, e) power[i + 1] = power[i] * p;
    pp = power[e];
    bt_p = Barrett(p), bt_pp = Barrett(pp);
    vc<int> log;
    if (p == 2) {
      if (e <= 1) { return; }
      root = 5;
      ord = pp / 4;
      exp.assign(ord, 1);
      log.assign(pp, 0);
      FOR(i, ord - 1) { exp[i + 1] = (exp[i] * root) & (pp - 1); }
      FOR(i, ord) log[exp[i]] = log[pp - exp[i]] = i;
    } else {
      root = primitive_root(p);
      ord = pp / p * (p - 1);
      exp.assign(ord, 1);
      log.assign(pp, 0);
      FOR(i, ord - 1) { exp[i + 1] = bt_pp.mul(exp[i], root); }
      FOR(i, ord) log[exp[i]] = i;
    }
    log_fact.assign(pp, 0);
    FOR(i, 1, pp) {
      log_fact[i] = log_fact[i - 1] + log[i];
      if (log_fact[i] >= ord) log_fact[i] -= ord;
    }
  }

  int C(ll n, ll i) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    if (i < 0 || i > n) return 0;
    ll a = i, b = n - i;
    if (pp == 2) { return ((a & b) == 0 ? 1 : 0); }
    int log = 0, cnt_p = 0, sgn = 0;
    if (e > 1) {
      while (n && cnt_p < e) {
        auto [n1, nr1] = bt_pp.divmod(n);
        auto [a1, ar1] = bt_pp.divmod(a);
        auto [b1, br1] = bt_pp.divmod(b);
        log += log_fact[nr1] - log_fact[ar1] - log_fact[br1];
        if (p > 2) {
          sgn += (n1 & 1) + (a1 & 1) + (b1 & 1);
        } else {
          sgn += (((nr1 + 1) & 4) + ((ar1 + 1) & 4) + ((br1 + 1) & 4)) / 4;
        }
        n = bt_p.floor(n), a = bt_p.floor(a), b = bt_p.floor(b);
        cnt_p += n - a - b;
      }
    } else {
      while (n && cnt_p < e) {
        auto [n1, nr1] = bt_pp.divmod(n);
        auto [a1, ar1] = bt_pp.divmod(a);
        auto [b1, br1] = bt_pp.divmod(b);
        log += log_fact[nr1] - log_fact[ar1] - log_fact[br1];
        if (p > 2) {
          sgn += (n1 & 1) + (a1 & 1) + (b1 & 1);
        } else {
          sgn += ((nr1 + 1) >> 2 & 1) + ((ar1 + 1) >> 2 & 1)
                 + ((br1 + 1) >> 2 & 1);
        }
        n = n1, a = a1, b = b1;
        cnt_p += n - a - b;
      }
    }
    if (cnt_p >= e) return 0;
    log %= ord;
    if (log < 0) log += ord;
    int res = exp[log];
    if (sgn & 1) res = pp - res;
    return bt_pp.mul(power[cnt_p], res);
  }
};

struct Binomial {
  int mod;
  vc<Binomial_PrimePower> BPP;
  vc<int> crt_coef;
  Barrett bt;

  Binomial(int mod) : mod(mod), bt(mod) {
    for (auto&& [p, e]: factor(mod)) {
      int pp = 1;
      FOR(e) pp *= p;
      BPP.eb(Binomial_PrimePower(p, e));
      int other = mod / pp;
      crt_coef.eb(ll(other) * mod_inv(other, pp) % mod);
    }
  }

  int C(ll n, ll k) {
    assert(n >= 0);
    if (k < 0 || k > n) return 0;
    int ANS = 0;
    FOR(s, len(crt_coef)) {
      ANS = bt.modulo(ANS + u64(BPP[s].C(n, k)) * crt_coef[s]);
    }
    return ANS;
  }
};
Back to top page