linalg/frobenius.hpp

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• Last update: 2024-10-18 02:58:53+09:00
• Include: #include "linalg/frobenius.hpp"
• Link: https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/124815

Depends on

• linalg/basis.hpp
• linalg/matrix_inv.hpp
• linalg/matrix_mul.hpp
• mod/crt3.hpp
• mod/mod_inv.hpp
• mod/modint.hpp
• mod/modint_common.hpp
• poly/convolution.hpp
• poly/convolution_karatsuba.hpp
• poly/convolution_naive.hpp
• poly/fft.hpp
• poly/ntt.hpp
• random/base.hpp

Verified with

• test/2_library_checker/linear_algebra/pow_of_matrix_frobenius.test.cpp

Code

#include "random/base.hpp"
#include "linalg/matrix_inv.hpp"
#include "linalg/matrix_mul.hpp"
#include "poly/convolution.hpp"
#include "linalg/basis.hpp"

// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/124815
// P^{-1}AP = diag(companion(f0),companion(f1),...)
// without checking: ...|f2|f1|f0.
// time complexity O(N^3). failure prob O(N/mod).
template <typename mint>
struct Frobenius_Form {
  int n; // b : num of blocks
  const vvc<mint> A;
  vvc<mint> P, IP;
  vvc<mint> V;
  vvc<mint> F; // [-a0,-a1,...,-a[k-1]] の形で管理 (x^k と合同なもの)

  Frobenius_Form(vvc<mint>& A) : n(len(A)), A(A) {
    while (!trial()) {}
  }

  // N^3 + N^2log(exp)
  vvc<mint> pow(ll exp) {
    vv(mint, X, n, n);
    int s = 0;
    FOR(k, len(F)) {
      int d = len(F[k]);
      vc<mint> f = powmod(F[k], exp);
      FOR(j, d) {
        FOR(i, len(f)) { X[s + i][s + j] = f[i]; }
        if (j == d - 1) break;
        f.insert(f.begin(), 0);
        divmod_inplace(f, F[k]);
      }
      s += d;
    }
    X = matrix_mul(P, X);
    X = matrix_mul(X, IP);
    return X;
  }

private:
  bool trial() {
    V.clear(), F.clear();
    Basis<mint> S(n);
    while (1) {
      if (S.rank == n) break;
      int r = S.rank;
      vc<mint> v = random_vector();
      V.eb(v);
      while (1) {
        auto [solved, cf] = S.solve_or_add(v);
        if (!solved) {
          v = apply(v);
          continue;
        }
        vc<mint> f = {cf.begin() + r, cf.end()};
        F.eb(f);
        if (len(V) == 1) break;
        v = V.back();
        int s = 0;
        FOR(k, len(V) - 1) {
          int d = len(F[k]);
          vc<mint> R = {cf.begin() + s, cf.begin() + s + d};
          vc<mint> q = divmod_inplace(R, f);
          if (!R.empty()) {
            return false; // failure
          }
          FOR(i, len(q)) { FOR(j, n) v[j] -= q[i] * S.basis[s + i][j]; }
          s += d;
        }
        S.rollback(r);
        V.back() = v;
        FOR(i, len(f)) {
          S.solve_or_add(v);
          if (i + 1 < len(f)) v = apply(v);
        }
        break;
      }
    }
    P.assign(n, vc<mint>(n));
    FOR(i, n) FOR(j, n) P[i][j] = S.basis[j][i];
    IP = matrix_inv<mint>(P).se;
    return true;
  }

  vc<mint> random_vector() {
    vc<mint> v(n);
    FOR(i, n) v[i] = RNG(0, mint::get_mod());
    return v;
  }

  vc<mint> apply(vc<mint> v) {
    vc<mint> w(n);
    FOR(i, n) FOR(j, n) w[i] += A[i][j] * v[j];
    return w;
  }

  // f mod= (x^d-g(x)) (inplace), return : q
  vc<mint> divmod_inplace(vc<mint>& f, vc<mint>& g) {
    while (len(f) && f.back() == mint(0)) POP(f);
    int d = len(g);
    vc<mint> q;
    FOR_R(i, d, len(f)) {
      q.eb(f[i]);
      FOR(j, len(g)) f[i - d + j] += f[i] * g[j];
      f[i] = 0;
    }
    while (len(f) && f.back() == mint(0)) POP(f);
    reverse(all(q));
    return q;
  }

  // x^n mod (x^d-g(x))
  vc<mint> powmod(vc<mint>& g, ll n) {
    if (n < len(g)) {
      vc<mint> f(n + 1);
      f[n] = 1;
      return f;
    }
    vc<mint> f = powmod(g, n / 2);
    f = convolution_naive(f, f);
    if (n & 1) f.insert(f.begin(), 0);
    divmod_inplace(f, g);
    return f;
  }
};

#line 2 "random/base.hpp"

u64 RNG_64() {
  static u64 x_ = u64(chrono::duration_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count()) * 10150724397891781847ULL;
  x_ ^= x_ << 7;
  return x_ ^= x_ >> 9;
}

u64 RNG(u64 lim) { return RNG_64() % lim; }

ll RNG(ll l, ll r) { return l + RNG_64() % (r - l); }
#line 1 "linalg/matrix_inv.hpp"
// (det, invA) をかえす

template <typename T>
pair<T, vc<vc<T>>> matrix_inv(vc<vc<T>> A) {
  T det = 1;
  int N = len(A);
  vv(T, B, N, N);
  FOR(n, N) B[n][n] = 1;
  FOR(i, N) {
    FOR(k, i, N) if (A[k][i] != 0) {
      if (k != i) {
        swap(A[i], A[k]), swap(B[i], B[k]);
        det = -det;
      }
      break;
    }
    if (A[i][i] == 0) return {T(0), {}};
    T c = T(1) / A[i][i];
    det *= A[i][i];
    FOR(j, i, N) A[i][j] *= c;
    FOR(j, N) B[i][j] *= c;
    FOR(k, N) if (i != k) {
      T c = A[k][i];
      FOR(j, i, N) A[k][j] -= A[i][j] * c;
      FOR(j, N) B[k][j] -= B[i][j] * c;
    }
  }
  return {det, B};
}
#line 2 "mod/modint_common.hpp"

struct has_mod_impl {
  template <class T>
  static auto check(T &&x) -> decltype(x.get_mod(), std::true_type{});
  template <class T>
  static auto check(...) -> std::false_type;
};

template <class T>
class has_mod : public decltype(has_mod_impl::check<T>(std::declval<T>())) {};

template <typename mint>
mint inv(int n) {
  static const int mod = mint::get_mod();
  static vector<mint> dat = {0, 1};
  assert(0 <= n);
  if (n >= mod) n %= mod;
  while (len(dat) <= n) {
    int k = len(dat);
    int q = (mod + k - 1) / k;
    dat.eb(dat[k * q - mod] * mint::raw(q));
  }
  return dat[n];
}

template <typename mint>
mint fact(int n) {
  static const int mod = mint::get_mod();
  assert(0 <= n && n < mod);
  static vector<mint> dat = {1, 1};
  while (len(dat) <= n) dat.eb(dat[len(dat) - 1] * mint::raw(len(dat)));
  return dat[n];
}

template <typename mint>
mint fact_inv(int n) {
  static vector<mint> dat = {1, 1};
  if (n < 0) return mint(0);
  while (len(dat) <= n) dat.eb(dat[len(dat) - 1] * inv<mint>(len(dat)));
  return dat[n];
}

template <class mint, class... Ts>
mint fact_invs(Ts... xs) {
  return (mint(1) * ... * fact_inv<mint>(xs));
}

template <typename mint, class Head, class... Tail>
mint multinomial(Head &&head, Tail &&... tail) {
  return fact<mint>(head) * fact_invs<mint>(std::forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}

template <typename mint>
mint C_dense(int n, int k) {
  static vvc<mint> C;
  static int H = 0, W = 0;
  auto calc = [&](int i, int j) -> mint {
    if (i == 0) return (j == 0 ? mint(1) : mint(0));
    return C[i - 1][j] + (j ? C[i - 1][j - 1] : 0);
  };
  if (W <= k) {
    FOR(i, H) {
      C[i].resize(k + 1);
      FOR(j, W, k + 1) { C[i][j] = calc(i, j); }
    }
    W = k + 1;
  }
  if (H <= n) {
    C.resize(n + 1);
    FOR(i, H, n + 1) {
      C[i].resize(W);
      FOR(j, W) { C[i][j] = calc(i, j); }
    }
    H = n + 1;
  }
  return C[n][k];
}

template <typename mint, bool large = false, bool dense = false>
mint C(ll n, ll k) {
  assert(n >= 0);
  if (k < 0 || n < k) return 0;
  if constexpr (dense) return C_dense<mint>(n, k);
  if constexpr (!large) return multinomial<mint>(n, k, n - k);
  k = min(k, n - k);
  mint x(1);
  FOR(i, k) x *= mint(n - i);
  return x * fact_inv<mint>(k);
}

template <typename mint, bool large = false>
mint C_inv(ll n, ll k) {
  assert(n >= 0);
  assert(0 <= k && k <= n);
  if (!large) return fact_inv<mint>(n) * fact<mint>(k) * fact<mint>(n - k);
  return mint(1) / C<mint, 1>(n, k);
}

// [x^d](1-x)^{-n}
template <typename mint, bool large = false, bool dense = false>
mint C_negative(ll n, ll d) {
  assert(n >= 0);
  if (d < 0) return mint(0);
  if (n == 0) { return (d == 0 ? mint(1) : mint(0)); }
  return C<mint, large, dense>(n + d - 1, d);
}
#line 3 "mod/modint.hpp"

template <int mod>
struct modint {
  static constexpr u32 umod = u32(mod);
  static_assert(umod < u32(1) << 31);
  u32 val;

  static modint raw(u32 v) {
    modint x;
    x.val = v;
    return x;
  }
  constexpr modint() : val(0) {}
  constexpr modint(u32 x) : val(x % umod) {}
  constexpr modint(u64 x) : val(x % umod) {}
  constexpr modint(u128 x) : val(x % umod) {}
  constexpr modint(int x) : val((x %= mod) < 0 ? x + mod : x){};
  constexpr modint(ll x) : val((x %= mod) < 0 ? x + mod : x){};
  constexpr modint(i128 x) : val((x %= mod) < 0 ? x + mod : x){};
  bool operator<(const modint &other) const { return val < other.val; }
  modint &operator+=(const modint &p) {
    if ((val += p.val) >= umod) val -= umod;
    return *this;
  }
  modint &operator-=(const modint &p) {
    if ((val += umod - p.val) >= umod) val -= umod;
    return *this;
  }
  modint &operator*=(const modint &p) {
    val = u64(val) * p.val % umod;
    return *this;
  }
  modint &operator/=(const modint &p) {
    *this *= p.inverse();
    return *this;
  }
  modint operator-() const { return modint::raw(val ? mod - val : u32(0)); }
  modint operator+(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) += p; }
  modint operator-(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) -= p; }
  modint operator*(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) *= p; }
  modint operator/(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) /= p; }
  bool operator==(const modint &p) const { return val == p.val; }
  bool operator!=(const modint &p) const { return val != p.val; }
  modint inverse() const {
    int a = val, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
    while (b > 0) {
      t = a / b;
      swap(a -= t * b, b), swap(u -= t * v, v);
    }
    return modint(u);
  }
  modint pow(ll n) const {
    assert(n >= 0);
    modint ret(1), mul(val);
    while (n > 0) {
      if (n & 1) ret *= mul;
      mul *= mul;
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return ret;
  }
  static constexpr int get_mod() { return mod; }
  // (n, r), r は 1 の 2^n 乗根
  static constexpr pair<int, int> ntt_info() {
    if (mod == 120586241) return {20, 74066978};
    if (mod == 167772161) return {25, 17};
    if (mod == 469762049) return {26, 30};
    if (mod == 754974721) return {24, 362};
    if (mod == 880803841) return {23, 211};
    if (mod == 943718401) return {22, 663003469};
    if (mod == 998244353) return {23, 31};
    if (mod == 1004535809) return {21, 836905998};
    if (mod == 1045430273) return {20, 363};
    if (mod == 1051721729) return {20, 330};
    if (mod == 1053818881) return {20, 2789};
    return {-1, -1};
  }
  static constexpr bool can_ntt() { return ntt_info().fi != -1; }
};

#ifdef FASTIO
template <int mod>
void rd(modint<mod> &x) {
  fastio::rd(x.val);
  x.val %= mod;
  // assert(0 <= x.val && x.val < mod);
}
template <int mod>
void wt(modint<mod> x) {
  fastio::wt(x.val);
}
#endif

using modint107 = modint<1000000007>;
using modint998 = modint<998244353>;
#line 3 "linalg/matrix_mul.hpp"

template <class T, typename enable_if<has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
vc<vc<T>> matrix_mul(const vc<vc<T>>& A, const vc<vc<T>>& B, int N1 = -1,
                     int N2 = -1, int N3 = -1) {
  if (N1 == -1) { N1 = len(A), N2 = len(B), N3 = len(B[0]); }
  vv(u32, b, N3, N2);
  FOR(i, N2) FOR(j, N3) b[j][i] = B[i][j].val;
  vv(T, C, N1, N3);

  if ((T::get_mod() < (1 << 30)) && N2 <= 16) {
    FOR(i, N1) FOR(j, N3) {
      u64 sm = 0;
      FOR(m, N2) sm += u64(A[i][m].val) * b[j][m];
      C[i][j] = sm;
    }
  } else {
    FOR(i, N1) FOR(j, N3) {
      u128 sm = 0;
      FOR(m, N2) sm += u64(A[i][m].val) * b[j][m];
      C[i][j] = T::raw(sm % (T::get_mod()));
    }
  }
  return C;
}

template <class T, typename enable_if<!has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
vc<vc<T>> matrix_mul(const vc<vc<T>>& A, const vc<vc<T>>& B, int N1 = -1,
                     int N2 = -1, int N3 = -1) {
  if (N1 == -1) { N1 = len(A), N2 = len(B), N3 = len(B[0]); }
  vv(T, b, N2, N3);
  FOR(i, N2) FOR(j, N3) b[j][i] = B[i][j];
  vv(T, C, N1, N3);
  FOR(n, N1) FOR(m, N2) FOR(k, N3) C[n][k] += A[n][m] * b[k][m];
  return C;
}

// square-matrix defined as array

template <class T, int N,
          typename enable_if<has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
array<array<T, N>, N> matrix_mul(const array<array<T, N>, N>& A,
                                 const array<array<T, N>, N>& B) {
  array<array<T, N>, N> C{};

  if ((T::get_mod() < (1 << 30)) && N <= 16) {
    FOR(i, N) FOR(k, N) {
      u64 sm = 0;
      FOR(j, N) sm += u64(A[i][j].val) * (B[j][k].val);
      C[i][k] = sm;
    }
  } else {
    FOR(i, N) FOR(k, N) {
      u128 sm = 0;
      FOR(j, N) sm += u64(A[i][j].val) * (B[j][k].val);
      C[i][k] = sm;
    }
  }
  return C;
}

// square-matrix defined as array

template <class T, int N,
          typename enable_if<!has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
array<array<T, N>, N> matrix_mul(const array<array<T, N>, N>& A,
                                 const array<array<T, N>, N>& B) {
  array<array<T, N>, N> C{};
  FOR(i, N) FOR(j, N) FOR(k, N) C[i][k] += A[i][j] * B[j][k];
  return C;
}
#line 2 "mod/mod_inv.hpp"

// long でも大丈夫

// (val * x - 1) が mod の倍数になるようにする

// 特に mod=0 なら x=0 が満たす

ll mod_inv(ll val, ll mod) {
  if (mod == 0) return 0;
  mod = abs(mod);
  val %= mod;
  if (val < 0) val += mod;
  ll a = val, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
  while (b > 0) {
    t = a / b;
    swap(a -= t * b, b), swap(u -= t * v, v);
  }
  if (u < 0) u += mod;
  return u;
}
#line 2 "mod/crt3.hpp"

constexpr u32 mod_pow_constexpr(u64 a, u64 n, u32 mod) {
  a %= mod;
  u64 res = 1;
  FOR(32) {
    if (n & 1) res = res * a % mod;
    a = a * a % mod, n /= 2;
  }
  return res;
}

template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1>
T CRT2(u64 a0, u64 a1) {
  static_assert(p0 < p1);
  static constexpr u64 x0_1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
  u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x0_1 % p1;
  return a0 + c * p0;
}

template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1, u32 p2>
T CRT3(u64 a0, u64 a1, u64 a2) {
  static_assert(p0 < p1 && p1 < p2);
  static constexpr u64 x1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
  static constexpr u64 x2 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p2, p2 - 2, p2);
  static constexpr u64 p01 = u64(p0) * p1;
  u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x1 % p1;
  u64 ans_1 = a0 + c * p0;
  c = (a2 - ans_1 % p2 + p2) * x2 % p2;
  return T(ans_1) + T(c) * T(p01);
}

template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1, u32 p2, u32 p3>
T CRT4(u64 a0, u64 a1, u64 a2, u64 a3) {
  static_assert(p0 < p1 && p1 < p2 && p2 < p3);
  static constexpr u64 x1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
  static constexpr u64 x2 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p2, p2 - 2, p2);
  static constexpr u64 x3 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p3 * p2 % p3, p3 - 2, p3);
  static constexpr u64 p01 = u64(p0) * p1;
  u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x1 % p1;
  u64 ans_1 = a0 + c * p0;
  c = (a2 - ans_1 % p2 + p2) * x2 % p2;
  u128 ans_2 = ans_1 + c * static_cast<u128>(p01);
  c = (a3 - ans_2 % p3 + p3) * x3 % p3;
  return T(ans_2) + T(c) * T(p01) * T(p2);
}

template <typename T, u32 p0, u32 p1, u32 p2, u32 p3, u32 p4>
T CRT5(u64 a0, u64 a1, u64 a2, u64 a3, u64 a4) {
  static_assert(p0 < p1 && p1 < p2 && p2 < p3 && p3 < p4);
  static constexpr u64 x1 = mod_pow_constexpr(p0, p1 - 2, p1);
  static constexpr u64 x2 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p2, p2 - 2, p2);
  static constexpr u64 x3 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p3 * p2 % p3, p3 - 2, p3);
  static constexpr u64 x4 = mod_pow_constexpr(u64(p0) * p1 % p4 * p2 % p4 * p3 % p4, p4 - 2, p4);
  static constexpr u64 p01 = u64(p0) * p1;
  static constexpr u64 p23 = u64(p2) * p3;
  u64 c = (a1 - a0 + p1) * x1 % p1;
  u64 ans_1 = a0 + c * p0;
  c = (a2 - ans_1 % p2 + p2) * x2 % p2;
  u128 ans_2 = ans_1 + c * static_cast<u128>(p01);
  c = static_cast<u64>(a3 - ans_2 % p3 + p3) * x3 % p3;
  u128 ans_3 = ans_2 + static_cast<u128>(c * p2) * p01;
  c = static_cast<u64>(a4 - ans_3 % p4 + p4) * x4 % p4;
  return T(ans_3) + T(c) * T(p01) * T(p23);
}
#line 2 "poly/convolution_naive.hpp"

template <class T, typename enable_if<!has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
vc<T> convolution_naive(const vc<T>& a, const vc<T>& b) {
  int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
  if (n > m) return convolution_naive<T>(b, a);
  if (n == 0) return {};
  vector<T> ans(n + m - 1);
  FOR(i, n) FOR(j, m) ans[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
  return ans;
}

template <class T, typename enable_if<has_mod<T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
vc<T> convolution_naive(const vc<T>& a, const vc<T>& b) {
  int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
  if (n > m) return convolution_naive<T>(b, a);
  if (n == 0) return {};
  vc<T> ans(n + m - 1);
  if (n <= 16 && (T::get_mod() < (1 << 30))) {
    for (int k = 0; k < n + m - 1; ++k) {
      int s = max(0, k - m + 1);
      int t = min(n, k + 1);
      u64 sm = 0;
      for (int i = s; i < t; ++i) { sm += u64(a[i].val) * (b[k - i].val); }
      ans[k] = sm;
    }
  } else {
    for (int k = 0; k < n + m - 1; ++k) {
      int s = max(0, k - m + 1);
      int t = min(n, k + 1);
      u128 sm = 0;
      for (int i = s; i < t; ++i) { sm += u64(a[i].val) * (b[k - i].val); }
      ans[k] = T::raw(sm % T::get_mod());
    }
  }
  return ans;
}
#line 2 "poly/convolution_karatsuba.hpp"

// 任意の環でできる
template <typename T>
vc<T> convolution_karatsuba(const vc<T>& f, const vc<T>& g) {
  const int thresh = 30;
  if (min(len(f), len(g)) <= thresh) return convolution_naive(f, g);
  int n = max(len(f), len(g));
  int m = ceil(n, 2);
  vc<T> f1, f2, g1, g2;
  if (len(f) < m) f1 = f;
  if (len(f) >= m) f1 = {f.begin(), f.begin() + m};
  if (len(f) >= m) f2 = {f.begin() + m, f.end()};
  if (len(g) < m) g1 = g;
  if (len(g) >= m) g1 = {g.begin(), g.begin() + m};
  if (len(g) >= m) g2 = {g.begin() + m, g.end()};
  vc<T> a = convolution_karatsuba(f1, g1);
  vc<T> b = convolution_karatsuba(f2, g2);
  FOR(i, len(f2)) f1[i] += f2[i];
  FOR(i, len(g2)) g1[i] += g2[i];
  vc<T> c = convolution_karatsuba(f1, g1);
  vc<T> F(len(f) + len(g) - 1);
  assert(2 * m + len(b) <= len(F));
  FOR(i, len(a)) F[i] += a[i], c[i] -= a[i];
  FOR(i, len(b)) F[2 * m + i] += b[i], c[i] -= b[i];
  if (c.back() == T(0)) c.pop_back();
  FOR(i, len(c)) if (c[i] != T(0)) F[m + i] += c[i];
  return F;
}
#line 2 "poly/ntt.hpp"

template <class mint>
void ntt(vector<mint>& a, bool inverse) {
  assert(mint::can_ntt());
  const int rank2 = mint::ntt_info().fi;
  const int mod = mint::get_mod();
  static array<mint, 30> root, iroot;
  static array<mint, 30> rate2, irate2;
  static array<mint, 30> rate3, irate3;

  assert(rank2 != -1 && len(a) <= (1 << max(0, rank2)));

  static bool prepared = 0;
  if (!prepared) {
    prepared = 1;
    root[rank2] = mint::ntt_info().se;
    iroot[rank2] = mint(1) / root[rank2];
    FOR_R(i, rank2) {
      root[i] = root[i + 1] * root[i + 1];
      iroot[i] = iroot[i + 1] * iroot[i + 1];
    }
    mint prod = 1, iprod = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 2; i++) {
      rate2[i] = root[i + 2] * prod;
      irate2[i] = iroot[i + 2] * iprod;
      prod *= iroot[i + 2];
      iprod *= root[i + 2];
    }
    prod = 1, iprod = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i <= rank2 - 3; i++) {
      rate3[i] = root[i + 3] * prod;
      irate3[i] = iroot[i + 3] * iprod;
      prod *= iroot[i + 3];
      iprod *= root[i + 3];
    }
  }

  int n = int(a.size());
  int h = topbit(n);
  assert(n == 1 << h);
  if (!inverse) {
    int len = 0;
    while (len < h) {
      if (h - len == 1) {
        int p = 1 << (h - len - 1);
        mint rot = 1;
        FOR(s, 1 << len) {
          int offset = s << (h - len);
          FOR(i, p) {
            auto l = a[i + offset];
            auto r = a[i + offset + p] * rot;
            a[i + offset] = l + r;
            a[i + offset + p] = l - r;
          }
          rot *= rate2[topbit(~s & -~s)];
        }
        len++;
      } else {
        int p = 1 << (h - len - 2);
        mint rot = 1, imag = root[2];
        for (int s = 0; s < (1 << len); s++) {
          mint rot2 = rot * rot;
          mint rot3 = rot2 * rot;
          int offset = s << (h - len);
          for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
            u64 mod2 = u64(mod) * mod;
            u64 a0 = a[i + offset].val;
            u64 a1 = u64(a[i + offset + p].val) * rot.val;
            u64 a2 = u64(a[i + offset + 2 * p].val) * rot2.val;
            u64 a3 = u64(a[i + offset + 3 * p].val) * rot3.val;
            u64 a1na3imag = (a1 + mod2 - a3) % mod * imag.val;
            u64 na2 = mod2 - a2;
            a[i + offset] = a0 + a2 + a1 + a3;
            a[i + offset + 1 * p] = a0 + a2 + (2 * mod2 - (a1 + a3));
            a[i + offset + 2 * p] = a0 + na2 + a1na3imag;
            a[i + offset + 3 * p] = a0 + na2 + (mod2 - a1na3imag);
          }
          rot *= rate3[topbit(~s & -~s)];
        }
        len += 2;
      }
    }
  } else {
    mint coef = mint(1) / mint(len(a));
    FOR(i, len(a)) a[i] *= coef;
    int len = h;
    while (len) {
      if (len == 1) {
        int p = 1 << (h - len);
        mint irot = 1;
        FOR(s, 1 << (len - 1)) {
          int offset = s << (h - len + 1);
          FOR(i, p) {
            u64 l = a[i + offset].val;
            u64 r = a[i + offset + p].val;
            a[i + offset] = l + r;
            a[i + offset + p] = (mod + l - r) * irot.val;
          }
          irot *= irate2[topbit(~s & -~s)];
        }
        len--;
      } else {
        int p = 1 << (h - len);
        mint irot = 1, iimag = iroot[2];
        FOR(s, (1 << (len - 2))) {
          mint irot2 = irot * irot;
          mint irot3 = irot2 * irot;
          int offset = s << (h - len + 2);
          for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
            u64 a0 = a[i + offset + 0 * p].val;
            u64 a1 = a[i + offset + 1 * p].val;
            u64 a2 = a[i + offset + 2 * p].val;
            u64 a3 = a[i + offset + 3 * p].val;
            u64 x = (mod + a2 - a3) * iimag.val % mod;
            a[i + offset] = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3;
            a[i + offset + 1 * p] = (a0 + mod - a1 + x) * irot.val;
            a[i + offset + 2 * p] = (a0 + a1 + 2 * mod - a2 - a3) * irot2.val;
            a[i + offset + 3 * p] = (a0 + 2 * mod - a1 - x) * irot3.val;
          }
          irot *= irate3[topbit(~s & -~s)];
        }
        len -= 2;
      }
    }
  }
}
#line 1 "poly/fft.hpp"
namespace CFFT {
using real = double;

struct C {
  real x, y;

  C() : x(0), y(0) {}

  C(real x, real y) : x(x), y(y) {}
  inline C operator+(const C& c) const { return C(x + c.x, y + c.y); }
  inline C operator-(const C& c) const { return C(x - c.x, y - c.y); }
  inline C operator*(const C& c) const {
    return C(x * c.x - y * c.y, x * c.y + y * c.x);
  }

  inline C conj() const { return C(x, -y); }
};

const real PI = acosl(-1);
int base = 1;
vector<C> rts = {{0, 0}, {1, 0}};
vector<int> rev = {0, 1};

void ensure_base(int nbase) {
  if (nbase <= base) return;
  rev.resize(1 << nbase);
  rts.resize(1 << nbase);
  for (int i = 0; i < (1 << nbase); i++) {
    rev[i] = (rev[i >> 1] >> 1) + ((i & 1) << (nbase - 1));
  }
  while (base < nbase) {
    real angle = PI * 2.0 / (1 << (base + 1));
    for (int i = 1 << (base - 1); i < (1 << base); i++) {
      rts[i << 1] = rts[i];
      real angle_i = angle * (2 * i + 1 - (1 << base));
      rts[(i << 1) + 1] = C(cos(angle_i), sin(angle_i));
    }
    ++base;
  }
}

void fft(vector<C>& a, int n) {
  assert((n & (n - 1)) == 0);
  int zeros = __builtin_ctz(n);
  ensure_base(zeros);
  int shift = base - zeros;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (i < (rev[i] >> shift)) { swap(a[i], a[rev[i] >> shift]); }
  }
  for (int k = 1; k < n; k <<= 1) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i += 2 * k) {
      for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
        C z = a[i + j + k] * rts[j + k];
        a[i + j + k] = a[i + j] - z;
        a[i + j] = a[i + j] + z;
      }
    }
  }
}
} // namespace CFFT
#line 9 "poly/convolution.hpp"

template <class mint>
vector<mint> convolution_ntt(vector<mint> a, vector<mint> b) {
  if (a.empty() || b.empty()) return {};
  int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
  int sz = 1;
  while (sz < n + m - 1) sz *= 2;

  // sz = 2^k のときの高速化。分割統治的なやつで損しまくるので。

  if ((n + m - 3) <= sz / 2) {
    auto a_last = a.back(), b_last = b.back();
    a.pop_back(), b.pop_back();
    auto c = convolution(a, b);
    c.resize(n + m - 1);
    c[n + m - 2] = a_last * b_last;
    FOR(i, len(a)) c[i + len(b)] += a[i] * b_last;
    FOR(i, len(b)) c[i + len(a)] += b[i] * a_last;
    return c;
  }

  a.resize(sz), b.resize(sz);
  bool same = a == b;
  ntt(a, 0);
  if (same) {
    b = a;
  } else {
    ntt(b, 0);
  }
  FOR(i, sz) a[i] *= b[i];
  ntt(a, 1);
  a.resize(n + m - 1);
  return a;
}

template <typename mint>
vector<mint> convolution_garner(const vector<mint>& a, const vector<mint>& b) {
  int n = len(a), m = len(b);
  if (!n || !m) return {};
  static constexpr int p0 = 167772161;
  static constexpr int p1 = 469762049;
  static constexpr int p2 = 754974721;
  using mint0 = modint<p0>;
  using mint1 = modint<p1>;
  using mint2 = modint<p2>;
  vc<mint0> a0(n), b0(m);
  vc<mint1> a1(n), b1(m);
  vc<mint2> a2(n), b2(m);
  FOR(i, n) a0[i] = a[i].val, a1[i] = a[i].val, a2[i] = a[i].val;
  FOR(i, m) b0[i] = b[i].val, b1[i] = b[i].val, b2[i] = b[i].val;
  auto c0 = convolution_ntt<mint0>(a0, b0);
  auto c1 = convolution_ntt<mint1>(a1, b1);
  auto c2 = convolution_ntt<mint2>(a2, b2);
  vc<mint> c(len(c0));
  FOR(i, n + m - 1) { c[i] = CRT3<mint, p0, p1, p2>(c0[i].val, c1[i].val, c2[i].val); }
  return c;
}

template <typename R>
vc<double> convolution_fft(const vc<R>& a, const vc<R>& b) {
  using C = CFFT::C;
  int need = (int)a.size() + (int)b.size() - 1;
  int nbase = 1;
  while ((1 << nbase) < need) nbase++;
  CFFT::ensure_base(nbase);
  int sz = 1 << nbase;
  vector<C> fa(sz);
  for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
    double x = (i < (int)a.size() ? a[i] : 0);
    double y = (i < (int)b.size() ? b[i] : 0);
    fa[i] = C(x, y);
  }
  CFFT::fft(fa, sz);
  C r(0, -0.25 / (sz >> 1)), s(0, 1), t(0.5, 0);
  for (int i = 0; i <= (sz >> 1); i++) {
    int j = (sz - i) & (sz - 1);
    C z = (fa[j] * fa[j] - (fa[i] * fa[i]).conj()) * r;
    fa[j] = (fa[i] * fa[i] - (fa[j] * fa[j]).conj()) * r;
    fa[i] = z;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < (sz >> 1); i++) {
    C A0 = (fa[i] + fa[i + (sz >> 1)]) * t;
    C A1 = (fa[i] - fa[i + (sz >> 1)]) * t * CFFT::rts[(sz >> 1) + i];
    fa[i] = A0 + A1 * s;
  }
  CFFT::fft(fa, sz >> 1);
  vector<double> ret(need);
  for (int i = 0; i < need; i++) { ret[i] = (i & 1 ? fa[i >> 1].y : fa[i >> 1].x); }
  return ret;
}

vector<ll> convolution(const vector<ll>& a, const vector<ll>& b) {
  int n = len(a), m = len(b);
  if (!n || !m) return {};
  if (min(n, m) <= 2500) return convolution_naive(a, b);
  ll abs_sum_a = 0, abs_sum_b = 0;
  ll LIM = 1e15;
  FOR(i, n) abs_sum_a = min(LIM, abs_sum_a + abs(a[i]));
  FOR(i, m) abs_sum_b = min(LIM, abs_sum_b + abs(b[i]));
  if (i128(abs_sum_a) * abs_sum_b < 1e15) {
    vc<double> c = convolution_fft<ll>(a, b);
    vc<ll> res(len(c));
    FOR(i, len(c)) res[i] = ll(floor(c[i] + .5));
    return res;
  }

  static constexpr u32 MOD1 = 167772161; // 2^25

  static constexpr u32 MOD2 = 469762049; // 2^26

  static constexpr u32 MOD3 = 754974721; // 2^24


  using mint1 = modint<MOD1>;
  using mint2 = modint<MOD2>;
  using mint3 = modint<MOD3>;

  vc<mint1> a1(n), b1(m);
  vc<mint2> a2(n), b2(m);
  vc<mint3> a3(n), b3(m);
  FOR(i, n) a1[i] = a[i], a2[i] = a[i], a3[i] = a[i];
  FOR(i, m) b1[i] = b[i], b2[i] = b[i], b3[i] = b[i];

  auto c1 = convolution_ntt<mint1>(a1, b1);
  auto c2 = convolution_ntt<mint2>(a2, b2);
  auto c3 = convolution_ntt<mint3>(a3, b3);

  u128 prod = u128(MOD1) * MOD2 * MOD3;
  vc<ll> res(n + m - 1);
  FOR(i, n + m - 1) {
    u128 x = CRT3<u128, MOD1, MOD2, MOD3>(c1[i].val, c2[i].val, c3[i].val);
    res[i] = (x < prod / 2 ? ll(x) : -ll(prod - x));
  }
  return res;
}

template <typename mint>
vc<mint> convolution(const vc<mint>& a, const vc<mint>& b) {
  int n = len(a), m = len(b);
  if (!n || !m) return {};
  if (mint::can_ntt()) {
    if (min(n, m) <= 50) return convolution_karatsuba<mint>(a, b);
    return convolution_ntt(a, b);
  }
  if (min(n, m) <= 200) return convolution_karatsuba<mint>(a, b);
  return convolution_garner(a, b);
}
#line 1 "linalg/basis.hpp"

// basis[i]: i 番目に追加成功したもの. 別のラベルがあるなら外で管理する.
// rbasis: 上三角化された基底. [i][i]==1.
// way[i][j]: rbasis[i] = sum way[i][j] basis[j]
template <typename mint>
struct Basis {
  int n, rank;
  vvc<mint> basis;
  vvc<mint> rbasis;
  vvc<mint> way;
  Basis(int max_dim) : n(max_dim), rank(0), basis{} {
    rbasis.assign(max_dim, vc<mint>(max_dim));
    way.assign(max_dim, vc<mint>(max_dim));
  }

  // return : (sum==X にできるか, その方法)
  pair<bool, vc<mint>> solve(vc<mint> X) {
    vc<mint> CF(n);
    FOR(i, n) {
      if (rbasis[i][i] == mint(1)) {
        CF[i] = X[i];
        FOR(j, i, n) X[j] -= CF[i] * rbasis[i][j];
      }
    }
    for (auto& x: X) {
      if (x != mint(0)) { return {false, {}}; }
    }
    vc<mint> ANS(rank);
    FOR(i, n) { FOR(j, rank) ANS[j] += CF[i] * way[i][j]; }
    return {true, ANS};
  }

  // return : (sum==x にできるか, その方法). false の場合には追加する
  pair<bool, vc<mint>> solve_or_add(vc<mint> X) {
    vc<mint> Y = X;
    vc<mint> CF(n);
    FOR(i, n) {
      if (rbasis[i][i] == mint(1)) {
        CF[i] = X[i];
        FOR(j, i, n) X[j] -= CF[i] * rbasis[i][j];
      }
    }
    int p = [&]() -> int {
      FOR(i, n) if (X[i] != mint(0)) return i;
      return -1;
    }();
    if (p == -1) {
      vc<mint> ANS(rank);
      FOR(i, n) { FOR(j, rank) ANS[j] += CF[i] * way[i][j]; }
      return {true, ANS};
    }
    mint c = X[p].inverse();
    FOR(j, p, n) X[j] *= c;
    FOR(i, n) CF[i] *= c;
    basis.eb(Y), rbasis[p] = X;
    way[p][rank] = c;
    FOR(i, n) { FOR(j, rank) way[p][j] -= CF[i] * way[i][j]; }
    ++rank;
    return {false, {}};
  }

  // rank==r の時点まで戻す. Frobenius Form 用.
  void rollback(int r) {
    while (rank > r) {
      --rank;
      POP(basis);
      FOR(i, n) if (way[i][rank] != mint(0)) {
        fill(all(rbasis[i]), mint(0));
        fill(all(way[i]), mint(0));
      }
    }
  }
};
#line 6 "linalg/frobenius.hpp"

// https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/124815
// P^{-1}AP = diag(companion(f0),companion(f1),...)
// without checking: ...|f2|f1|f0.
// time complexity O(N^3). failure prob O(N/mod).
template <typename mint>
struct Frobenius_Form {
  int n; // b : num of blocks
  const vvc<mint> A;
  vvc<mint> P, IP;
  vvc<mint> V;
  vvc<mint> F; // [-a0,-a1,...,-a[k-1]] の形で管理 (x^k と合同なもの)

  Frobenius_Form(vvc<mint>& A) : n(len(A)), A(A) {
    while (!trial()) {}
  }

  // N^3 + N^2log(exp)
  vvc<mint> pow(ll exp) {
    vv(mint, X, n, n);
    int s = 0;
    FOR(k, len(F)) {
      int d = len(F[k]);
      vc<mint> f = powmod(F[k], exp);
      FOR(j, d) {
        FOR(i, len(f)) { X[s + i][s + j] = f[i]; }
        if (j == d - 1) break;
        f.insert(f.begin(), 0);
        divmod_inplace(f, F[k]);
      }
      s += d;
    }
    X = matrix_mul(P, X);
    X = matrix_mul(X, IP);
    return X;
  }

private:
  bool trial() {
    V.clear(), F.clear();
    Basis<mint> S(n);
    while (1) {
      if (S.rank == n) break;
      int r = S.rank;
      vc<mint> v = random_vector();
      V.eb(v);
      while (1) {
        auto [solved, cf] = S.solve_or_add(v);
        if (!solved) {
          v = apply(v);
          continue;
        }
        vc<mint> f = {cf.begin() + r, cf.end()};
        F.eb(f);
        if (len(V) == 1) break;
        v = V.back();
        int s = 0;
        FOR(k, len(V) - 1) {
          int d = len(F[k]);
          vc<mint> R = {cf.begin() + s, cf.begin() + s + d};
          vc<mint> q = divmod_inplace(R, f);
          if (!R.empty()) {
            return false; // failure
          }
          FOR(i, len(q)) { FOR(j, n) v[j] -= q[i] * S.basis[s + i][j]; }
          s += d;
        }
        S.rollback(r);
        V.back() = v;
        FOR(i, len(f)) {
          S.solve_or_add(v);
          if (i + 1 < len(f)) v = apply(v);
        }
        break;
      }
    }
    P.assign(n, vc<mint>(n));
    FOR(i, n) FOR(j, n) P[i][j] = S.basis[j][i];
    IP = matrix_inv<mint>(P).se;
    return true;
  }

  vc<mint> random_vector() {
    vc<mint> v(n);
    FOR(i, n) v[i] = RNG(0, mint::get_mod());
    return v;
  }

  vc<mint> apply(vc<mint> v) {
    vc<mint> w(n);
    FOR(i, n) FOR(j, n) w[i] += A[i][j] * v[j];
    return w;
  }

  // f mod= (x^d-g(x)) (inplace), return : q
  vc<mint> divmod_inplace(vc<mint>& f, vc<mint>& g) {
    while (len(f) && f.back() == mint(0)) POP(f);
    int d = len(g);
    vc<mint> q;
    FOR_R(i, d, len(f)) {
      q.eb(f[i]);
      FOR(j, len(g)) f[i - d + j] += f[i] * g[j];
      f[i] = 0;
    }
    while (len(f) && f.back() == mint(0)) POP(f);
    reverse(all(q));
    return q;
  }

  // x^n mod (x^d-g(x))
  vc<mint> powmod(vc<mint>& g, ll n) {
    if (n < len(g)) {
      vc<mint> f(n + 1);
      f[n] = 1;
      return f;
    }
    vc<mint> f = powmod(g, n / 2);
    f = convolution_naive(f, f);
    if (n & 1) f.insert(f.begin(), 0);
    divmod_inplace(f, g);
    return f;
  }
};

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